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tóng-àn:Hedy Lamarr Publicity Photo for The Heavenly Body 1944.jpg

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Khài-iàu

Soat-bêng
English: Hedy Lamarr publicity photo for the film The Heavenly Body, 1944
Ji̍t-kî
Chhut-chhù eBay
Chok-chiá 未知Unknown author
授權允准
(Bô siŏh-huòi sāi ciā ùng-giông)

This is a publicity photo taken to promote an actress. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001 p. 211.):

"Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."

Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:

"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." (The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook By Nancy E. Wolff, Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.)

Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989) p. 87, writes:

"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements ... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs." ("Fair Usage Publication of Film Stills" by Kristin Thompson, Society for Cinema and Media Studies)

Siū-khoân

本作品在美國屬於公有領域，因為其於1929至1977年（包括）間在美國出版，且沒有版權通告。更多詳細資訊，請參閱共享資源:赫特圖表，以及就出版的公共藝術品的詳細說明。請注意美國的作品在不適用較短期限法則的管轄區可能仍然受版權保護（基於作者的逝世日期），例如加拿大（作者逝世後50年）、中國大陸（作者逝世後50年，不包括香港和澳門）、德國（作者逝世後70年）、墨西哥（作者逝世後100年） 、瑞士（作者逝世後70年）及其他有本地條約的國家。

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說明

添加單行說明來描述出檔案所代表的內容
Hedy Lamarr in 1944. Publicity photograph in black & white.

在此檔案描寫的項目

描繪內容 繁體中文

Hedy Lamarr

女演員 繁體中文

hoat-bêng-ka

電影明星 繁體中文

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