Ài-ní-lân-gí
Ài-ní-lân-gí (Piau-chún Ài-ní-lân-gí: Gaeilge) sī chi̍t-khoán liû-thoân tī Ài-ní-lân-tó--ê Gael-gú (Gaelic), iā sī Ài-ní-lân ê koan-hong gí-giân chi it (Lēng-gōa chit ê sī Eng-gí). Sī chit-ê kok-ka ū le̍k-sú í-lâi liû-thoân siōng kú mā bat sī Éire-tó siōng tōa--ê giân-gí. M̄-koh tùi 19 sè-kí í-lâi, Éire-tó tiō khai-sí í Eng-gí ûi chú-liû. Bó-gú sú-iōng-chiá ū 7 bān goā ê, tē-jī gí-giân iōng-chiá ū 100 bān gōa ê (tī 2016 nî).
Gí-giân--ê miâ
siu-kái"Gaeilge" tī Ài-ní-lân-gí, mā ū Gael-gí--ê ì-sù. Beh te̍k-pia̍t chí Ài-ní-lân-gí--ê sî, siá-chò "Gaeilge na hÉireann".
Gaeilge tī kok hong-giân--ê piàn-thé:
- Kó͘-gí: Gaoidhealg, Gaedhealg
- Piau-chún-gí: Gaeilge
- Hong-giân:
- Ulster kap Pak Connacht: Gaedhilic, Gaeilic, Gaeilig iah-sī Gaedhlag
- Lâm Connacht: Gaeilge (í-chá sī Gaedhilge)
- Munster: Gaedhealaing, Gaoluinn, Gaelainn téng
Le̍k-sú
siu-káiÀi-ní-lân-gí thang hun-chò:
- Goân-sú Ài-ní-lân-gí (3 sè-kí iah-sī khah-chá - 6 sè-kí), tùi Goân-sú Celtic-gí bun--chhut-lâi, sī Gael-gí--ê chó͘-sian, iōng Ogham bûn-jī siá. Lē: ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (tovisaci, "thâu-lâng"--ê sio̍k-keh).
- Kó͘ Ài-ní-lân-gí (Goídelc) (6 sè-kí - 10 sè-kí).
- Tiong-kó͘ Ài-ní-lân-gí (Gaoidhealg) (10 sè-kí - 12 sè-kí), ián-hoà chò Manx-gí (Gaelg), Scotland Gael-gí (Gàidhlig) kap Hiān-tāi Ài-ní-lân-gí (Nua-Ghaeilge).
- Kīn-kó͘ Ài-ní-lân-gí (Gaoidhealg) (13 sè-kí - 18 sè-kí), sī Scotland kap Ài-ní-lân 13 sè-kí kàu 18 sè-kí--ê su-siá giân-gí. tùi 12 sè-kí--ê Eire-gí kái--lâi.
- Hiān-tāi Éire-gí (Nua-Ghaeilge): Éire Toā Ki-hng, táⁿ-ap Gael-gí--ê kok-bîn kàu-io̍k kap phiau-liû kàu hái-goā--ê tiâu-liû tì-kàu Ài-ní-lân-gî tī 19 sè-kì kín-kín soe-thoè, jî-chhiáⁿ sú-iōng-chiá tuā-poàⁿ tī se-hái-hoāⁿ. M̄-koh tī 19 sè-kí boé khai-sí ū gí-giân ho̍k-heng ūn-tōng. 1983 nî chhòng-li̍p Ài-ní-lân-gí liân-bêng (Conradh na Gaeilge, Gaelic League). Tī Ài-ní-lân-kok to̍k-li̍p āu, chèng-hú thui-sek giân-gí-ê sú-iōng, mā ū chhòng-li̍p Ài-ní-lân-gí Ha̍k-hāu, chóng--sī tī Ài-ní-lân-gí Tē-khu (Gaeltacht)--ê bó-gú iōng-chiá--ê lâng-gia̍h iah-sī soe-thoè. Iu-koan hiān-tāi-gí--ê hong-giân chhiáⁿ-khoàⁿ #Hong-giân.
Hong-giân
siu-kái
Hiān-tāi chū-jiân hong-giân thang chiàu séng-hūn (cuige, province) hun-chò 3 khoán, ta̍k chióng hong-giân--ê hoat-im, sû-gí, sīm-chí sī bûn-hoat ū bô-kâng.
- Ulster Ài-ní-lân-gí (Gaeilic Uladh): tī Ulster, chiap-kīn Scotland Gael-gú, taⁿ hun-pò͘ tī Donegal. Bat sú-iōng tī Pak Ài-ní-lân, hia--ê Ài-ní-lân-gí sú-iōng-chiá iōng--ê Piau-chún-gí mā siū-tio̍h Ulster hong-giân--ê éng-hióng.
- Connacht Ài-ní-lân-gí (Gaeilge Chonnacht): tī Connacht, tāⁿ hūn-pò͘ tī Galway, Mayo téng koān. sú-iōng jîn-kháu siōng chē. Ū Ulster kap Munster hong-giân--ê te̍k-sek.
- Munster Ài-ní-lân-gí (Gaolainn na Mumhan): tī Munster, tāⁿ hūn-pò͘ tī Kerry, Cork, Waterford téng koān, pó-liû chi̍t-koá kó͘-gí te̍k-teng.
Leinster Séng ka-tī--ê hong-giân í-keng bia̍t-bô.
Tī 20 sè-kí, Ài-ní-lân chèng-hú thui-chhut su-siá--ê piau-chún-gí "An Caighdeán Oifigiúil", sī kó͘-gí kap chē-chē hong-giân--ê bûn-hoat kap gí-sû--ê kán-hoà iah-sī sio-lām. Tī kàu-io̍k, chèng-hú bûn-su sú-iōng.
Hoat-im
siu-káiÀi-ní-lân-gí bô-kong-jīm--ê hoat-im piau-chún. Kok-tē--ê hoat-im hong-sek iā bô-kâng.
Chú-im
siu-káiÀi-ní-lân-gí--ê chú-im chē-chē ū pun khoah-im (ngē-ngo̍k-hoà(硬顎化)) kap ē-im (nńg-ngo̍k-hoà (軟顎化)), im-ūi (音位) siōng chió ū:
| Tûn-im | Chi̍h-chiam-im | Chi̍h-poē-im | Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khoah | E̍h | Khoah | E̍h | Khoah | E̍h | |||
| Po̍k-phò-im | Bô-siaⁿ | pˠ | pʲ | t̪ˠ | tʲ | k | c | |
| Ū-siaⁿ | bˠ | bʲ | d̪ˠ | dʲ | ɡ | ɟ | ||
| Mô͘-chhat-im/ Kīn-im |
Bô-siaⁿ | fˠ | fʲ | sˠ | ʃ | x | ç | h |
| Ū-siaⁿ | w | vʲ | ɣ | j | ||||
| Phīⁿ-im | mˠ | mʲ | n̪ˠ | nʲ | ŋ | ɲ | ||
| Siám-im | ɾˠ | ɾʲ | ||||||
| Phīⁿ-thong-im | l̪ˠ | lʲ | ||||||
Bó-im
siu-káiTī Connacht kap Munster--ê hong-giân, toaⁿ-bó-im ū 11--ê im-ūi, siang-bó-im siōng chió ū 4 ê im-ūi:
Toaⁿ-bó-im
siu-kái- Tāng-im
| Té | Tn̂g |
|---|---|
| a | aː |
| ɛ | eː |
| ɪ | iː |
| ɔ | oː |
| ʊ | uː |
- Kheng-im
It-poaⁿ ē piàn-chò /ә/.
Siang-bó-im
siu-káiChì-chió ū /əi/, /əu/, /iə/ kap /uə/.
Tāng-im
siu-káiConnacht hong-giân ū-hun tāng-im, chhù-tāng-im kap kheng-im. Goân-chek-siōng tàng-im tī thâu im-cha̍t.
Jī-bó
siu-káiChú-iāu ū: a b c d e f g h i l m n o p r s t u, kap piáu-sī tn̂g-bó-im--ê á é í ó ú. J, k, q, v, w, x, y, z iōng tī goā-lâi-gú.
Jī-ha̍p jī-bó (二合字母) ū: bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th. Í-chá siá-chò: ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ.
Tùi Kó͘ Ài-ní-lân-gí it-ti̍t kàu 20 sè-kí, thoân-thóng iōng La-teng-jī--ê Gael jī-thé (Cló Gaelach, Gaelic Type) siá.
Jī-bó tha̍k-hoat kok-tē bô-kâng, khah ho̍k-cha̍p, mā ū siá-hoat bô ha̍p kok-tē tha̍k-hoat--ê jī, jû: "deirfiúr" (a-chí).
Gí-hoat
siu-káiChú-im kau-thè
siu-káiAì-ní-lân-gí kah kî-tha Celtic gí-cho̍k kâng-khoán, ū chú-im kau-thè (consonant mutation)--ê hiān-siōng. Sû-thâu--ê chú-im (ū-sî-á sī ho̍k-ha̍p-sû) ē siū-tio̍h gí-hoat tiâu-kiāⁿ piàn-chò pa̍t-khoán chú-im. Ài-ní-lân gí lāi-té ū nn̄g-chióng kau-thè: jio̍k-im-hòa (弱音化; lenition) kap si̍t-im-hòa (蝕音化; eclipsis).
Jio̍k-im-hòa goân-chek-pió:
| Goân jī-bó | Kái-piàn-āu jī-bó | Goân hoat-im | Kái-piàn-āu hoat-im |
|---|---|---|---|
| b | bh | /bˠ/, /bʲ/ | /vˠ/, /vʲ/ |
| c | ch | /k/, /c/ | /x/, /ç/ |
| d | dh | /d̪ˠ/, /dʲ/ | /ɣ/, /ʝ/ |
| f | fh | /fˠ/, /fʲ/ | bô-siaⁿ |
| g | gh | /g/, /ɟ/ | /ɣ/, /ʝ/ |
| m | mh | /mˠ/, /mʲ/ | /vˠ/, /vʲ/ |
| p | ph | /mˠ/ /mʲ/ | /fˠ/, /fʲ/ |
| s | sh (ts)[1] |
/s/ /ʃ/ | /h/ (/tˠ/ /tʲ/)[1] |
| t | th | /tˠ/ /tʲ/ | /h/ |
Si̍t-im-hòa--ê pió, hoat-seng tī jī-thâu:
| Goân-jī-bó | Kái-piàn-āu jī-bó |
|---|---|
| b | mb |
| c | gc |
| d | nd |
| g | ng |
| p | bp |
| t | dt |
| bó-im | n-bó-im (lē: na n-úll; [phông-kó sio̍k-keh]) |
Tû-liáu "ng" tha̍k /ŋ/, "n-bó-im" ke-tha̍k thâu-chêng--ê "n" , kî-tha lóng kan-ta tha̍k ke-tī thâu-chêng--ê jī-bó.
Koh ū jī-thâu ke t (t-prothesis) kap jī-thâu ke h (h-prothesis).
Gí-sū (語序)
siu-káiKap Celtic gí-cho̍k--ê kî-thaⁿ gí-giân kâng-khoán, gí-sū sī VSO (Tōng-sû - Chú-gí - Pin-gí) Pí-lūn:
- Ólann sé uisce.
- Lim-Hun-sek-sek (分析式) i (iông-sèng) chúi.
- I (iông-sèng) lim chúi.
Chú-im kau-thè
siu-káiCeltic gí-cho̍k ū chú-im kau-thè--ê te̍k-teng, Ài-ní-lân-gí mā ū. Ū Jio̍k-im hoà (弱音化， Lenition) kap Àm-im-hoà (暗音化, Eclipsis).
Thâu 1 jī sī bó-im--ê sû, ū jī-thâu ke h (H-prothesis), ke t (T-prothesis)--ê hiān-siōng. Jī-thâu ke n sǹg-sī àm-im-hoà.
Hē-sû (系詞)
siu-káiÀi-ní-lân-gí--ê hē-sû "is" (hiān-chāi-sek) iōng-lâi liân 2 ê tāi-sû (代詞) iah-sī bêng-sû--ê sû-cho͘ (詞組) téng. Kap tōng-sû "bí" thang hoan-chò Eng-gí--ê "be" (sī), m̄-koh Iōng-hoat bô-kâng. Le:
- Is duine mé.
- [hē-sû] lâng-toaⁿ-sò͘ chú-keh goá.
- Goá sī lâng.
Tāi-sû
siu-káiTâi-sû ū hun toaⁿ-ho̍k-sò͘, tē 3 jîn-chheng ū hun im-iông, mā koh hun liân-chiap-hêng (conjunctive form) kap hun-lî-hêng (disjunctive form), koh hun ū-bô kiông-tiāu (emphatic)--ê hêng.
Bêng-sû
siu-káiBêng-sû ū hun chú-keh (kiam siū-keh), sio̍k-keh (só͘-iú-keh), ú-keh (與格, chiap tī chi̍t-koá kài-sû āu) , ho͘-keh (呼格, kho͘ lâng--ê sî iōng). Mā ū hun toaⁿ-sò͘ kap ho̍k-sò͘ (複數), Im-sèng (陰性) kap iông-sèng (陽性).
Thong-siông sio̍k-keh, ho͘-keh kap chú-keh sio-siâng. Ū 5 khoán piàn-keh (變格), mā ū bô kui-chek--ê bêng-sû. Bô-kâng hong-giân--ê piàn-keh ū lio̍k-á bô-kâng.
Lē:
- Tír (thó͘-tē), tē 2 piàn-keh (piau-chún-gí).
| Kheh | Toaⁿ-sò͘ | Ho̍k-sò | lē |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chú-keh | tír | tíortha | Tá tír againn. Lán ū thó͘-tē. |
| Ho͘-keh | a thír | a thíortha | A thír! Thó͘-tē--ah! |
| Sio̍k-keh | tíre | tíortha | ainm tíre Thó͘-tē--ê miâ |
| Ú-keh | tír | tíortha | ag tír tī thó͘-tē. |
Koàn-sû
siu-káiÉire-gí chí ū 2 ê tēng-koàn-sû (定冠詞): "an" (toā-pō͘-hūn toaⁿ-sò͘) kap "na" (Ho̍k-sò͘ kap toaⁿ-sò͘ sio̍k-keh im-sèng bêng-sû). Lē:
- An bhean (chit-ê cha-bó͘)
- Poblacht "na' hÉireann" ("Ài-ní-lân" kiōng-hô-kok)
- Na cailíní (Chia-ê cha-bó͘-gín-á)
Tong-sû Piàn-hoà
siu-káiÀi-ní-lân-gí sī khut-chiat-gí (屈折語), tōng-sû--ê bóe-liu ū chē-chē--ê piàn-hoà. Ài-ní-lân-gí ū 11--ê put-kui-chek tōng-sû, 2 khoán tōng-sû piàn-hoà. Bô-kâng hong-giân--ê tōng-sû piàn-hoà ū khó-lêng bô-kâng.
Hêng-iông-sû
siu-káiHêng-iông-sû ū hun-choè goân-kip (原級) kap pí-kàu-kip. Hêng-iông-sû piàn-hoà siū-tio̍h bêng-sû--ê keh, toaⁿ-ho̍k-sò͘, im-iông-sèng, kiông/jio̍k-bêng-sû (strong/weak noun) téng éng-hióng.
Kài-sû
siu-káiChi̍t-koá kài-sû ū jîn-chheng--ê piàn-hoà kap ū-bô kiông-tiāu (emphatic)--ê piàn-hoà.
Tāi-chiòng mûi-thé
siu-káiTiān-sī-tâi
siu-káiTiān-tâi
siu-kái- RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta - Ho̍k-bū Éire-gí tē-khu--ê.
- Raidió na Life - Ho̍k-bū Dublin tē-khu--ê.
- Raidió Fáilte - Ho̍k-bū Pak-ài-ní-lân-ê.
Té-kù
siu-káiÍ-hā--ê té-kù iōng piau-chún Ài-ní-lân-gí siá:
- Dia duit: Lí hó.
- Séan is ainm dom: Goá kiò-chò Séan (Iok-hān).
- Tá fáilte romhat: Hoan-gêng--lí / (Lí) bián kheh-khì.
- Go raibh maith agat: To-siā--lí.
- Slán: Chài-hoē.