Mu'tazilah

Mu'tazilah (A-la-pek-gí: المعتزلة‎; Eng-gí: Mu'tazila) sī it-ê I-su-lân thoân-thé, chhut-hiān chāi chá-kî ê I-su-lân le̍k-sú siōng, í chāi tē-3 khalifah Uthman kòe-sin āu chāi Ali ú tha ê tùi-chhiú chi-kan ê cheng-toan tsiong pó-chhî tiong-li̍p jî bûn-bêng. Tò kong-goân 10-sè-kí, kai su̍t-gí iā khai-sí chí-tē chāi Basra hām Baghdad (8-sè-kí chì 10-sè-kí) phông-pu̍t hoat-tián ê I-su-lân si-piân sîn-ha̍k ha̍k-phài.

Chhit-ê I-su-lân thoân-thé sī Wasil ibn Ata chhòng-li̍p ê, chāi tha chū-kí jīn-ûi āu, tha ê lāu-su Hasan al-Basri suat "Wasil chiong chū-kí ú ngó͘--bûn keh-lī-khui-lâi " (A-la-pek-gí: اعتزل واصل عنا‎).

Mu'tazilah goân-chek jû-hā:

• At-Tauhid (jīn-chú-ha̍k): Kū-choa̍t Allah pún-chit ê Maa'ni (Qudrat, iradat, ilmun, hayyun, sama', basar, kalam).
• Al-Adlu (chèng-gī): Siong-sìn jîn tùi chū-kí ê hêng-ûi oân-choân hū-chek, bô-lūn hó-bái, put siū Allah ê koat-tēng.
• Al-Wa'du al-Wa'id (sêng-lo̍k ú háng-hek): Siong-sìn Allah pit-su siúⁿ-sìr sūn-chiông chiá, háng-hek put-tō-tek-chía.
• Al-Manzilah Bainal Manzilatain (nn̄g-tē chi-kan ê só͘-chāi): Siong-sìn it-ê tāi-chǒe jîn chhù-û sìn-tō hām put-sìn-tō ê ūi-tì, pēng lâu chāi tē-ga̍k (chòe khin ê têng-hoa̍t).
• Al-Amru Bil Makruf Walnahyu Anil Munkar (khoàn-siān-têng-oh): Siong-sìn chāi jīm-hô chêng-hóng hā to̍ pit-su khoàn-siān-têng-oh.

Tsham-khó tsu-liāu

• 'Abd al-Jabbar (1965). 'Abd al-Karim 'Uthman, pian. Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa (ēng A-la-pek-gí). Cairo: Maktabat Wahba. 
• Brown, Daniel W. (1996). Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521570778. 10 May 2018 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (1969). M. M. 'Abd al-Hamid, pian. Maqalat al-Islamiyin wa Ikhtilaf al-Musallin (ēng A-la-pek-gí). Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahdah al-Misriyah. 
• Cooperson, Michael (2005). Al-Ma'mun (Makers of the Muslim World). Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-386-0. 
• Craig, W. L. (2000). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. USA: Wipf & Stock Publishers. ISBN 1-57910-438-X. 
• Ess, J. V. (2006). The Flowering of Muslim Theology. USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02208-4. 
• Gimaret, D. (1979). "Les Usul al-Hamsa du Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar et leurs commentaires". Annales Islamologiques. 15: 47–96. 
• Jackson, S. A. (2002). On the Boundaries of Theological Tolerance in Islam: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali's Faysal al-Tafriqa. Studies in Islamic Philosophy, V.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-579791-4. 
• Jackson, S. A. (2005). Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518081-X. 
• Martin, R. C.; M. R. Woodward; D. S. Atmaja (1997). Defenders of Reason in Islam: Mu'tazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. p. 27. ISBN 978-1851681471. 28 September 2015 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• Nawas, J. A. (1994). "A Rexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Ma'mun's Introduction of the Mihna". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 26 (4): 615–629. doi:10.1017/S0020743800061134. 
• Nawas, J. A. (1996). "The Mihna of 218 A.H./833 A. D. Revisited: An Empirical Study". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 116 (4): 698–708. doi:10.2307/605440. JSTOR 605440. 
• Walzer, R. (1967). "Early Islamic Philosophy". Chū A. H. Armstrong. The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy. UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-04054-X. 
• Aqeedah 11, An Exposition of Some Schools, Movements and Sects of Islam. West Coast Demarara, Guyana: Guyana Islamic Institute. 16 September 2015 khòaⁿ--ê. 

Guā-pōo lên-ket

• Mu'tazila: The use of reason in Islamic theology
• Association pour la renaissance de l'Islam mutazilite (ARIM)