"Thulium" pán-pún chi-kan bô-kāng--ê tē-hng
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'''Thulium''' sī 1 ê hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘. I ê goân-chú-hoan sī 69, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō sī Tm. {{stub}} {{Chiu-kî-piáu}} Category:Goân-sò͘... ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p |
無編輯摘要 |
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Tē 1 chōa:
{{Infobox element
|number=69
|symbol=Tm
|name=thulium
|left=[[erbium]]
|right=[[ytterbium]]
|above=–
|below=[[mendelevium|Md]]
|series=lanthanum-hē
|period=6
|block=f
|group=n/a
|image name=Thulium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg
|appearance=silvery gray
|atomic mass=168.93422
|atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref>
|atomic mass 2=2
|atomic mass comment=
|electron configuration=[[[xenon|Xe]]] 4f<sup>13</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
|phase=solid
|density gpcm3nrt=9.32
|density gpcm3mp=8.56
|melting point K=1818
|melting point C=1545
|melting point F=2813
|boiling point K=2223
|boiling point C=1950
|boiling point F=3542
|heat fusion=16.84
|heat vaporization=191
|heat capacity=27.03
|vapor pressure 1=1117
|vapor pressure 10=1235
|vapor pressure 100=1381
|vapor pressure 1 k=1570
|vapor pressure 10 k=(1821)
|vapor pressure 100 k=(2217)
|vapor pressure comment=
|crystal structure=hexagonal close packed
|oxidation states=2, '''3'''
|oxidation states comment=(a [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide)
|electronegativity=1.25
|number of ionization energies=3
|ionization energy 1=596.7
|ionization energy 2=1160
|ionization energy 3=2285
|atomic radius=176
|covalent radius=190±10
|magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetic]]
|magnetic ordering comment=(at 300 K)
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=n
|electrical resistivity=poly: 676
|electrical resistivity comment=(at {{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}})
|thermal conductivity=16.9
|thermal expansion=poly: 13.3
|thermal expansion comment=(at {{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}})
|Young's modulus=74.0
|Shear modulus=30.5
|Bulk modulus=44.5
|Poisson ratio=0.213
|Vickers hardness=470–650
|Brinell hardness=470–900
|CAS number=7440-30-4
|isotopes=
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=167 | sym=Tm
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E5 s|9.25 d]]
| dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.748 | link1=erbium-167 | pn=167 | ps=Er}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=168 | sym=Tm
| na=syn | hl=[[1 E6 s|93.1 d]]
| dm=ε | de=1.679 | link1=erbium-168 | pn=168 | ps=Er}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=169 | sym=Tm | na=100% | hl=– | dm=([[alpha decay|α]]) | de=1.2004 | link1=holmium-165 | pn=165 | ps=Ho }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=170 | sym=Tm
| na=syn | hl=[[1 E7 s|128.6 d]]
| dm=[[beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.968 | link1=ytterbium-170 | pn=170 | ps=Yb}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=171 | sym=Tm
| na=syn | hl=[[1 E s|1.92 y]]
| dm=β<sup>−</sup> | de=0.096 | link1=ytterbium-171 | pn=171 | ps=Yb}}
|isotopes comment=Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed
|naming=after [[Thule]], a mythical region in Scandinavia
|discovery and first isolation by=[[Per Teodor Cleve]]
|discovery date=1879
}}
'''Thulium''' sī 1 ê [[hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘]]. I ê [[goân-chú-hoan]] sī 69, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō sī Tm.
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