"Seng-le̍k" pán-pún chi-kan bô-kāng--ê tē-hng

Tong [[liû-thé]] (pí-lūn-kóng [[khong-khì]] kap [[chúi]]) lâu-kòe chi̍t-ê bu̍t-thé ê sî, ē tī bu̍t-thé piáu-bīn sán-seng [[ap-le̍k]], chia--ê ap-le̍k hun-pò· (''distribution'') it-poaⁿ lâi kóng lóng chin ho̍k-cha̍p, nā-sī keng-kòe [[chek-hun]] ([[Hàn-jī]]: 積分), ē-tàng tit-tio̍h chi̍t-ê ha̍p-le̍k, chit-ê ha̍p-le̍k ē-tàng hun-chò nn̄g-ê hong-hiòng, kap liû-thé kâng hong-hiòng--ê hō-chò [[chó·-le̍k]], [[khiā-ti̍t]] (Hàn-jī: 垂直)--ê hō-chò [[phû-le̍k]], iōng [[hâng-khong-ha̍k]] siong-koan--ê su̍t-gí lâi kóng tio̍h-sī '''seng-le̍k''', iā-chiū-sī hō· hui-hêng-khì seng-khong ê le̍k-liōng.

 

==Seng-le̍k kap e̍k-phò·-bīn==