Chǹg-khang kha̍h
Chǹg-khang kha̍h (Eng-gí: punched card) sī chi̍t khoán lī-ēng chǹg-kang lâi piáu-hiān chu-liāu ê ngē chóa phìⁿ.
Chá-kî chit chióng khah-phìⁿ sī 1804 nî Hoat-kok hoat-bêng-ka Joseph-Marie Jacquard khai-hoat ēng beh khòng-chè pò͘-liāu hoe-chháu. Āu-lâi Eng-kok ê Charles Babbage thê-chhut ēng lâi kì-lio̍k chu-liāu, hō͘ ke-khì ē-tàng chhú-lí. Babbage ê siat-sióng pēng bô sit-chè hông chè-chō, sī kàu 1890 nî Bí-kok ê Herman Hollerith chia̍h khai-hoat tiān-khì ki-hâi lâi kā tiâu-cha chu-liāu choán chò khah-phìⁿ ê hêng-sek.
Kàu 20-sè-kì, chit khoán ki-su̍t tī IBM ê thui-siau kap chi-chhî hā chiàm-chhù liû-hêng--khì-lâi. 1970 nî-tāi liáu-āu, chǹg-khang khah tōa-hūn lóng hō͘ chû-tòa kap chû-pôaⁿ chhú-tāi.
Chham-khó
siu-kái- Henderson, Harry (2009). "punched cards and paper tape". Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology (Revised Edition). Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-6382-6.