Tan-hē-thóng
Tan-hē-thóng (-sèng; Eng-gí: monophyly) sī seng-bu̍t hun-ūi siōng tan-hē-thóng kûn (monophyletic group) ê sèng-chit, nā chi̍t-ê lūi-pia̍t sī tan-hē-thóng kûn, piáu-sī pún lūi ē-té pau-koat liáu chi̍t-ê chó͘-sian lūi-pia̍t, kap pún chó͘-sian choân-pō͘ ê kiáⁿ-sun lūi-pia̍t.
Siong-koan
siu-kái- To-hē-thóng (polyphyly)
- Chhek-hē-thóng (paraphyly)
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