Lūi-pia̍t-sû (gú-giân-ha̍k)
Luī-pia̍t-sû (ing-gú: classifier, sok-siá-sû sī clf[1] hi̍k-tsiá cl; hun-luī-sû); mā-ū lâng kā kiò-tsò liōng-sû) teh gú-giân-ha̍k lāi-té sī tsí phuānn-suî bîng-sû ê jī-sû hi̍k-tsiá sû-tuè, ē-tàng kun-kù luī-pia̍t-sû sóo tsí ê tuì-siōng ê luī-hîng hông khuànn-tsò "hun-luī" ê bîng-sû. Hun-luī-sû ū-tang-sî-á mā-hông kiò-tsò liōng-sû hi̍k-tsiá kè-sòo-sû. Hun-luī-sû teh tsi̍t-kuá gú-giân tang-tiong huat-hui-tio̍h tiōng-iàu ê tsok-iōng, iû-kî-sī Tang-a ê gú-giân, pau-kuat hàn-gú, bânlâm-gú, ji̍t-gú kah ua̍tlâm-gú tíng-tíng ê gú-giân. Au-tsiu ê gú-giân lāi-té luī-pia̍t-sû nā m̄-sī bô tsok-iōng tō-sī hông pian-iân-huà. Teh ing-gú lāi-té khó-lîng sú-iōng ê hun-luī-sû huān-lē sī té-gú (phiàn-gú) lāi-té ê tsi̍t-kuá-á phiàn-tuān ê iōng-huat, pí-jû: "three pieces of paper (sann-tiunn tsuá)" tíng-tíng ê huān-lē.
Teh kū-iú liōng-sû ê gú-giân lait-e, liōng-sû thong-siông teh bîng-sû hông kè-sòo ê sî-tsūn sú-iōng, tsik-sī hit-tong-sî liōng-sû hām sòo-sû tâng-tsê tshut-hiān ê sî-tsūn. Teh tsit-khuán hun-luī-sû sī gú-huat ti̍k-sik ê gú-giân tang-tiong, tsu-jû "sann-ê" tsi-luī ê té-gú thong-siông su-iàu piáu-sī tsò "sann-ê X (siánn-mi̍h khuán) lâng", kî-tiong X sī sik-iōng teh "lâng" tsit-ê bîng-sû ê hun-luī-sû. Hun-luī-sû ū-tang-sî-á mā-ū kî-thann ê kong-lîng; teh Tiong-bûn lāi-té, hun-luī-sû thong-siông kǹg-teh bîng-sû ê thâu-tsîng tsò tsí-sī-sû (sû-gī sī "tsit-ê" hi̍k-tsiá "hit-ê"). Hàn-gú ê hun-luī-sû thong-siông ia̍h hông kiò-tsò liōng-sû, sui-bóng ū tsi̍t-kuá-á tsok-tsiá ū-kā tsit nn̄g-ê su̍t-gú tsìn-hîng hun-luī ê khu-hun. Koh teh Bí-kok ê tshiú-gú lāi-té, ti̍k-tīng ê tshiú-hîng hun-luī-sû in-ê tshiú-hîng tāi-piáu-tio̍h bîng-sû teh khong-kan tang-tiong ê hong-hiòng.
Hun-lūi hē-thóng hām bîng-sû luī-pia̍t tsi-kan tsûn-tsāi-tio̍h tsi̍t-kuá-á sio-kāng-khuán ê sóo-tsāi, sui-bóng in tsi-kan ū tsûn-tsāi bîng-hián ê tsha-ī. Tsah-ū hun-luī-sû ê gú-giân, teh tsia--ê gú-giân lāi-té khó-lîng tsûn-tsāi-ū sòo-pah-ê hun-luī-sû. Kū-iú bîng-sû-luī (ti̍k-pia̍t sī-ū sìng-pia̍t khu-hun ê ti̍k-sìng) ê gú-giân, óng-óng kū-iú khah tsió-liōng ê hun-luī-sû. Tsit-khuán bíng-siù-luī ê gú-giânbô-tiānn-tio̍h uá-khò bîng-sû sóo pau-hâm ê ì-gī, m̄-kù tsit-khuán gú-giân kū-iú tsiann-tsē-tsiòng ê gú-huat kiat-kó hâm-gī.
Kài-su̍t
siu-káiLuī-pia̍t-sû sī teh tsi̍t-kuá-á gú-huat piáu-sī ê siōng-hā-bû tang-tiong tînn-tuè bîng-sû ê tān-sû (hi̍k-tsiá teh tsi̍t-kuá-á hun-sik lāi-té, pak-tīng gū-sóo), thong-siông huán-ìng-tio̍h bîng-sû ê bóo-tsióng kài-liām hun-luī, tsú-iàu khiā-tī i sóo tsì tuì-siōng ê ti̍k-ting. In-tshú, tsi̍t-tsióng gú-giân khong-lîng ū tsi̍t-ê hun-luī-sû iōng teh piáu-sī lâng-ê bîng-sû, līng-guā tsi̍t-ê iōng teh piáu-sī pîng-bīn bu̍t-thé ê bîng-sû, koh līng-guā tsi̍t-ê iōng teh piáu-sī sî-kan-tuan ê bîng-sû, tíng-tíng Kā hun-luī-sû hun-phuè hōo mā-ū khó-lîng teh bóo-tsióng thîng-tōo siōng sī pukho ū-tshik ê, ū tsi̍t-kuá-á ê bîng-sû àn-tsiàu li̍k-sú siōng khak-li̍p ê kuàn-lē tshái-iōng bóo tsi̍t-kuá-á ê hun-luī-sû.
Tsù-kái
siu-kái- ↑ Comrie, Bernard; Haspelmath, Martin; Bickel, Balthasar (2008). "Leipzig glossing rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses". goân-loē-iông tī 2019-08-04 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê. (Eng-gí)
Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn
siu-kái- Dixon, R. M. W. (1982). Classifiers in Yidiny. In R. M. W. Dixon (ed.), Where have all the adjectives gone? (pp. 185–205.) Berlin: Mouton. (Eng-gí)
- Walsh, M. (1997). Noun classes, nominal classification and generics in Murrinhpatha. In M. Harvey & N. Reid (eds.), Nominal classification in Aboriginal Australia (pp. 255–292). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. (Eng-gí)
- Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2000). Classifiers: A typology of noun categorization devices. Oxford studies in typology and linguistic theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823886-X. (Eng-gí)
- Allan, Keith. (1977). Classifiers. Language, 53, 2, 285–311. (Eng-gí)
- Craig, Colette. (ed.) (1986). Noun Classes and Categorization: Proceedings of a Symposium on Categorization and Noun Classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983. Typological Studies in Language, 7. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. (Eng-gí)
- Rude, Noel. (1986). Graphemic classifiers in Egyptian hieroglyphics and Mesopotamian cuneiform. In Colette Grinevald (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization (pp. 133-138.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins. (Eng-gí)
- Senft, Gunther. (ed.) (2008). Systems of nominal classification. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Eng-gí)
- Grinevald (Craig), Colette. (2004). "97. Classifiers," in: C. Lehmann, J. Mugdan et al. (eds.), Morphology, An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation. Volume 2. Berlin – New York: De Gruyter, 1016–1032. (Eng-gí)
- Goldwasser, Orly & Colette Grinevald (Craig) (2012). "What Are Determinatives Good For?," in: E. Grossman, S. Polis & J. Winand (eds.), Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian. Hamburg: Widmaier, 17–53. (Eng-gí)
- Bauer, Brigitte. L. M. (2017). Nominal Apposition in Indo-European Its Forms and Functions, and Its Evolution in Latin-Romance. Berlin – Boston: De Gruyter. Chapter 3: 62–88. (Eng-gí)
Tsham-ua̍t
siu-kái- Chí-sia̍p tuì-siōng (Tsí-tshing/Referent)