BM-21 Grad hóe-chìⁿ-phàu

BM-21 Grad hué-tsìnn-phàu [en]
BM-21 Grad hué-tsìnn-phàu [en]
	A Russian BM-21-1 on display in Saint Petersburg in May 2009
Luī-hîng	Multiple rocket launcher
Guân-sán-tē	Soviet Union
Ho̍k-i̍k kì-lo̍k
Ho̍k-i̍k kî-kan	1963–bo̍ktsiân
Sú-iōng tsiá	See Operators
Tsèn-tsing	Sino-Soviet border conflict; Vietnam War; Lebanese Civil War; Western Sahara War; Angolan Civil War; Somaliland War of Independence; Somali Civil War; Ogaden War; South African Border War; Uganda–Tanzania War; Cambodian–Vietnamese War; Sino-Vietnamese War; Iran–Iraq War; Soviet–Afghan War; Second Sudanese Civil War; Gulf War; First Nagorno-Karabakh War; Yugoslav Wars; War in Abkhazia (1992–1993); First Chechen War; 1995 Cenepa War; 1999 Kargil War; Second Chechen War; Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel; Russo-Georgian War; Cambodian–Thai border dispute; Bombardment of Yeonpyeong; First Libyan Civil War; Syrian civil war; Northern Mali conflict; Yemeni Civil War (2014–present); Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen; 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war; Tigray War; Russo-Ukrainian War; 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Sing-sán li̍k-sú
Set-kè-tsiá	Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
Gián-huat li̍t-kî	1963
Sing-sán-siong	Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
Sing-sán li̍t-kî	1963–bo̍ktsiân
Tsè-tsō sòo-liōng	98,670+
Ên-sin tsióng-luī	See Variants
Ki-pún tsu-guân (9K51)
Tāng-liōng	13.71 tonnes (30,225 lb)
Tn̂g-tōo	7.35 m (24 ft 1 in)
Barrel tn̂g-tōo	3.0 m (9 ft 10 in)
Khuah-tōo	2.40 m (7 ft 10 in)
Kuân-tōo	3.09 m (10 ft 2 in)
Sîng-guân	3
Caliber	122 mm
Barrels	40
Rate of fire	2 rounds/s
Muzzle velocity	690 m/s (2,264 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	0.5–52 km
Sights	PG-1M panoramic telescope
E̋n-z̩ín	V8 gasoline ZiL-375; 180 hp (130 kW)
Hiân-tiàu	6×6 wheeled
Ūn-tsok huān-uî	405 km (251 mi)
Siōng-kuân sok-tōo	75 km/h (47 mph)

BM-21 Grad hué-tsìnn-phàu [en] (gô-gú: БМ-21 "Град", "Grad" ê ì-sù sī "ping-pha̍uh"; ing-gú: BM-21 Grad) sī soo-liân siat-kè ê tsū-hîng-sik 122 mm [en] to-kuán hué-tsìnn huat-siā-khì.^[9] Tsit-ê hē-thóng kap M-21OF hué-tsìnn^[10] siōng tsá khai-huat tī 1960 nî-tāi tshoo-kî, pīng-tshiánn tī 1969-nî 3-gue̍h teh tiong-soo pian-kài tshiong-tu̍t [en] kî-kan thâu-pái si̍t-tsiàn sú-iōng.^[11] BM tāi-piáu "boyevaya mashina" (gô-gú: боевая машина – tsiàn-tshia), phian-miâ "Grad" ê ì-sù sī "Ping-pha̍uh". Iû BM-21 ūn-tsài hué-tsìnn kah M-21OF hué-tsìnn tsoo-sîng ê uân-tsíng hē-thóng hông tsí-tīng tsò M-21 iá-tsiàn hué-tsìnn hē-thóng. Uân-tsíng ê hē-thóng thong-siông hông kiò-tsò Grad to-kuán hué-tsìnn huat-siā-khì hē-thóng.

Teh pak-iok (NATO) kok-ka, tsit-ê hē-thóng (uân-tsíng hē-thóng hi̍k-tsiá kan-na ūn-tsài hué-tsìnn-phàu [en] niā-niā) siōng-thâu-á hông kiò-tsò M1964. Kî-thann ū kuí-ā ê kok-ka í-king ho̍k-tsè Grad hi̍k-tsiá khai-huat luī-sū ê hē-thóng. Teh Gôlôsu ho̍k-i̍k ê sî-tsūn, BM-21 Grad ê ū-kî thè-tāi-phín sī 9A52-4 Tornado [en]. Tsiânn-tsē sio-kāng ê 122 mm MLRS hē-thóng sī-iû bô-kāng-khuán ê kok-ka khiā-tī BM-21 Grad sóo tsè-tsō ê.

Tsù-kái

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Prenatt 2016, p. 30.
↑ Zabecki, David T. (May 2011). "Rockets and Rocket Launchers". Chū Tucker, Spencer C. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2 pán.). p. 988. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3. The most significant [Soviet rocket] was the 9M22M, one of the Katyusha class of 122-mm rockets.
↑ Zaloga, Steven J. (2003). Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. p. 4. ISBN 962-361-613-9.
↑ Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (October 2016). "La guerre du Kagera". Batailles et Blindés (ēng Hoat-gí). No. 75. Caraktère. pp. 72–81. ISSN 1765-0828.
↑ Isby, David C. (1990). The War in Afghanistan 1979–1989: The Soviet Empire at High Tide. Concord Publications. p. 42. ISBN 978-9623610094.
↑ "Sudan - Global trade, local impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan" (PDF). Human Rights Watch Report. 10 (4): 24. August 1998.
↑ Singh, Jagjit (2007). "Battle-Winning Role of the Gunners in Kargil War". The Battle-Winning Arm. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 9788176021807.
↑ Yemeni fighters have fired at least 16 Grad missiles into Saudi territories. YouTube (20 July 2015). Retrieved 2017-06-01.
↑ Splav 122 mm BM-21 multiple rocket launcher family (Russian Federation), Multiple rocket launchers, Jane's Armour and Artillery.
↑ 122 mm BM-21 Grad-series rockets (Russian Federation), Artillery rockets Archived 23 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine., Jane's Ammunition Handbook
↑ Prenatt, Jamie (16 June 2016). Katyusha: Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941 Present. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4728-1087-8.

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

Prenatt, Jamie; Hook, Adam (2016). Katyusha – Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941–Present. New Vanguard 235. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4728-1086-1. (Eng-gí)
International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. 116. Routledge. ISBN 9781857438352. (Eng-gí)
International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2020). The Military Balance 2020. 120. Routledge. ISBN 9780367466398. (Eng-gí)
International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. 121. Routledge. ISBN 9781032012278. (Eng-gí)
International Institute for Strategic Studies (1980). The Military Balance 1980-1981. Routledge. ISBN 0-85368-197-X. (Eng-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t

International Institute for Strategic Studies
Soviet–Afghan War

Guā-pōo liân-kiat

Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: BM-21 Grad

122 mm Multiple Rocket Launcher (MRL) "GRAD" on the Ural-375 6×6 truck chassis – Walk around photos (Eng-gí)
Globalsecurity.org (Eng-gí)
Enemyforces.com (Eng-gí)
Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
BM-11 at FAS.org (Eng-gí)
RM-70 at Army.cz (Eng-gí)
WR-40 Langusta at krucjata.org.pl (Pho-gú)
Iraq BM-21 (Tek-gú)
Полевая реактивная система М-21 (M-21 Field Rocket System) (Eng-gí)
Легкая переносная реактивная система "Град-П" (Grad-P Light portable rocket system) (Eng-gí)
Shooting battalion (strike multiple rocket launchers) YouTube (Eng-gí)
The Grad system: A hot hail of cluster-fired rockets (Eng-gí)

[FOOTNOTEPrenatt201630-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Prenatt 2016, p. 30.

[2] Zabecki, David T. (May 2011). "Rockets and Rocket Launchers". Chū Tucker, Spencer C. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2 pán.). p. 988. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3. The most significant [Soviet rocket] was the 9M22M, one of the Katyusha class of 122-mm rockets.

[3] Zaloga, Steven J. (2003). Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. p. 4. ISBN 962-361-613-9.

[4] Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (October 2016). "La guerre du Kagera". Batailles et Blindés (ēng Hoat-gí). No. 75. Caraktère. pp. 72–81. ISSN 1765-0828.

[Afghan-5] Isby, David C. (1990). The War in Afghanistan 1979–1989: The Soviet Empire at High Tide. Concord Publications. p. 42. ISBN 978-9623610094.

[6] "Sudan - Global trade, local impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan" (PDF). Human Rights Watch Report. 10 (4): 24. August 1998.

[7] Singh, Jagjit (2007). "Battle-Winning Role of the Gunners in Kargil War". The Battle-Winning Arm. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 9788176021807.

[8] Yemeni fighters have fired at least 16 Grad missiles into Saudi territories. YouTube (20 July 2015). Retrieved 2017-06-01.

[9] Splav 122 mm BM-21 multiple rocket launcher family (Russian Federation), Multiple rocket launchers, Jane's Armour and Artillery.

[10] 122 mm BM-21 Grad-series rockets (Russian Federation), Artillery rockets Archived 23 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine., Jane's Ammunition Handbook

[11] Prenatt, Jamie (16 June 2016). Katyusha: Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941 Present. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4728-1087-8.

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