Soat-kiû tē-kiû
Guân-kóo-tāi ê suat-kiû sî-kî
(Proterozoic snowball periods)
(Proterozoic snowball periods)
-1000 —
–
-950 —
–
-900 —
–
-850 —
–
-800 —
–
-750 —
–
-700 —
–
-650 —
–
-600 —
–
-550 —
Kóo-kè guân-kóo-tāi ping-kî.[2][1]
Dating of pre-Gaskiers glaciations is uncertain. As for the Kaigas, its very existence is doubted by some. An earlier and longer possible snowball phase, the Huronian glaciation, is not shown.
Suat-kiû tē-kiû (ing-gú: snowball earth) sī uī-tio̍h beh kái-sueh (explanation) tsi̍t-kuá tē-tsit hèn-siōng sóo thê-tshut ê ká-siat. Tsi̍t-ê ká-siat līn-uî teh sin guân-kóo-tāi (neoproterozoic; neoproterozoic era) sî-tsūn tē-kiû bat huat-sing kuè tsit-pái giâm-tiōng ê peng-hô sî-tāi. Tì-sú tē-kiû tíng-kuân ê hái-iûñ tsuân-pōo lóng tòng-kiat, kan-na teh-ū 2-km kāu ê ping-tsân ē-kha koh-ū sió-liōng ê i̍k-thài tsuí, goân-in tō-sī chia-ê kiat-tang ê peng in-iû tē-lia̍t (geothermal energy) ê goân-in suah-lâi iûñ-khì, .[3][4]
Ka-tsiu lí-kang ha̍k-īñ (California Institute of Technology (Caltech)) tē-tsit kàu-siū Joseph Kirschvink teh 1992-nî tē-it-pái sú-iōng "Suat-kiû Tē-kiû" tsit-ê té-gí (phrase). Uī hit-tang-tsūn liáu-āu tsit-ê ká-suat tit-tio̍h Harvard Tāi-ha̍k tē-tsit kàu-siū Paul F. Hoffman kah i-ê tông-sū Daniel Schlager ê tāi-li̍k tsi-tshî kap uân-sēn.
Tsù-kái
siu-kái- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Pu, J.P. (2016). "Dodging snowballs: Geochronology of the Gaskiers glaciation and the first appearance of the Ediacaran biota". Geology. 44 (11): 955–958. Bibcode:2016Geo....44..955P. doi:10.1130/G38284.1.
- ↑ Smith, A. G. (2009). "Neoproterozoic timescales and stratigraphy". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 326 (1): 27–54. Bibcode:2009GSLSP.326...27S. doi:10.1144/SP326.2.
- ↑ Kirschvink, J. L. (1992). "Late Proterozoic low-latitude global glaciation: The snowball Earth" (PDF). Chū Schopf, J. W.; Klein, C. The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–2.
- ↑ Allen, Philip A.; Etienne, James L. (2008). "Sedimentary challenge to Snowball Earth". Nature Geoscience. 1 (12): 817–825. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..817A. doi:10.1038/ngeo355.
Ên-sin ua̍t-tho̍k
siu-kái- Tziperman, E.; Halevy, I.; Johnston, D. T.; Knoll, A. H.; Schrag, D. P. (2011). "Biologically induced initiation of Neoproterozoic snowball-Earth events". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (37): 15091–15096. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10815091T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016361108. PMC 3174660
. PMID 21825156. - Etienne, J.L.; Allen, P.A.; Rieu, R.; Le Guerroué, E. (2007). "Neoproterozoic glaciated basins: A critical review of the Snowball Earth hypothesis by comparison with Phanerozoic glaciations". Chū Michael Hambrey; Poul Christoffersen; Neil Glasser; Bryn Hubbard. Glacial Sedimentary Processes and Products. IAS Special Publication. 39. Malden, MA: IAS/Blackwell. pp. 343–399. doi:10.1002/9781444304435.ch19. ISBN 978-1-4051-8300-0.
- Gabrielle Walker (2003). Snowball Earth. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7475-6433-1.
- Micheels, A.; Montenari, M. (2008). "A snowball Earth versus a slushball Earth: Results from Neoproterozoic climate modeling sensitivity experiments". Geosphere. 4 (2): 401–10. Bibcode:2008Geosp...4..401M. doi:10.1130/GES00098.1. (Geol. Soc. America).
- Roberts, J.D. (1971). "Late Precambrian glaciation: an anti-greenhouse effect?". Nature. 234 (5326): 216–7. Bibcode:1971Natur.234..216R. doi:10.1038/234216a0.
- Roberts, J.D. (1976). "Late Precambrian dolomites, Vendian glaciation, and the synchroneity of Vendian glaciation". Journal of Geology. 84 (1): 47–63. Bibcode:1976JG.....84...47R. doi:10.1086/628173.
- Sankaran, A. V. (2003). "Neoproterozoic 'snowball earth' and the 'cap' carbonate controversy". Current Science. 84 (7): 871–873. JSTOR 24108043.
- Torsvik, T.H.; Rehnström, E.F. (2001). "Cambrian palaeomagnetic data from Baltica: Implications for true polar wander and Cambrian palaeogeography". Journal of the Geological Society. 158 (2): 321–9. Bibcode:2001JGSoc.158..321T. doi:10.1144/jgs.158.2.321.
Tsham-ua̍t
siu-kái- Peng-kî (ping-kî; Glacial period)
- Tē-lí ke̍k-tiám (tē-lí ki̍k-tiám; eng-gí: geographical pole)
- Chhek-liông gî-khì (tshik-liông gî-khì; eng-gí: measuring instrument)
- Mosapride
- Mont-Saint-Michel
Guā-pōo lên-ket
siu-kái- The Snowball Earth 1999 overview by Paul F. Hoffman and Daniel P. Schrag, 8 August 1999
- Snowball Earth web site Exhaustive on-line resource for snowball Earth by pro-snowball scientists Hoffman and Schrag.
- New Evidence Puts 'Snowball Earth' Theory Out In The Cold sciencedaily.com. 2007. Analyses in Oman produce evidence of hot-cold cycles in the Cryogenian period, roughly 850-544 million years ago. The UK-Swiss team claims that this evidence undermines hypotheses of an ice age so severe that Earth's oceans completely froze over.
- Channel 4 (UK) documentary, Catastrophe: Snowball Earth Archived 2016-05-29 at the Wayback Machine. episode 2 of 5, first screened Dec 2008, documentary narrated by Tony Robinson, advocates snowball Earth and contains interviews with proponents.
- First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen New Scientist, #2746, 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane. Posits an earlier much longer snowball period, c2.4 - c2.0 Gya, triggered by the Great Oxygenation Event.
- 'Snowball Earth' theory melted BBC News online (2002-03-06) report on findings by geoscientists at the University of St Andrews, Scotland that casts doubt on the snowball Earth hypothesis due to evidence of sedimentary material, which could only have been derived from floating ice on open oceanic waters.
- Life may have survived 'snowball Earth' in ocean pockets BBC News online (2010-12-14) report on research presented in the journal Geology by Dr Dan Le Heron (et al.) of Royal Holloway, University of London who studied rock formations in Flinders Ranges in South Australia, formed from sediments dating to the Sturtian glaciation, which bear the unmistakable mark of turbulent oceans.