Kazakh jī-bió
Kazakh jī-bió (kazakh-gí: kазақ әліпбиі; ing-gú: kazakh alphabets), sī su-siá kazakh-gí ê bûn-jī. kazakh-cho̍k teh li̍k-sú siōng pa̍t sú-iōng kuè kū türk bûn-jī, m̄-ku tsit-má tuā-pōo-hūn lóng sú-iōng kiril jī-bó, alapik bûn-jī hām latin bûn-jī.
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Kilil bûn-jī
siu-káiSiông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Thong-iōng türk jī-bió
| А а | Ә ә | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Қ қ | Л л | М м | Н н |
| Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ұ ұ |
| Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ |
| Ы ы | І і | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Kazakhstan hām mongolia ê ayan-ölgii Síng sú-iōng kazakh kiril jī-bió.
В, Ё (1957-nir khai-sí), Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь kah Э bô iōng teh kazakh-gí lāi-té.
Li̍k-sú
siu-káiUì latin jī-jī-bió tsuán-uānn kàu kilil jī-bió ko-lîng sī uī-tio̍h hōo tang-sî ê soo-liân kazakhstan kah türkiye pó-tshî tsi̍t-ê kī-lî.[1]
Pen-bé
siu-kái- СТ РК 920-91 iōng-teh MS-DOS (tāi-bé ia̍h 866 ê siu-kái)
- СТ РК 1048—2002 iōng-teh Windows (tāi-bé ia̍h 1251 ê siu-kái)
СТ РК 1048—2002 teh 2002-nî tit-tio̍h khak-jīn, tse-sī teh ín-ji̍p bô kâng-khuán ê Windows jī-hû tsip liáu-āu. Teh tsìng-hú sìn-sit ki-kòo QazAqparat teh tsia-ê piau-tsún pen-bé tsìn-tsîng, ū tsi̍t-kuá internet ê pōo-hūn tsu-guân í-king ū teh sú-iōng. Kàu kin-á-ji̍t UTF-8 ê pen-bé í-king hông tsiap-siū.
khí-bóo
siu-káiIōng teh Kazakhstan kiril kazakh-gí ê piau-tsún Windows khí-bóo pòo-kio̍k sī kā piau-tsún ê gô-gí khí-bóo siu-kái lâi e̊, teh sòo-jī tíng-kuân ē-tàng tshuē-tio̍h kazakh-gí m̄-ku bô pau-kua lōo-gí ê jī-hû.
Latin bûn-jī
siu-kái
Tsiâñ-tsē latin jī-bió iōng lâi su-siá kazakh-gí. Khiā-tī türk jī-bó ê jī-bó pèn-thé í-king hōo türk, se-hong kok-ka hām kazakhstan ê kiâu-bîn hui tsìng-sik sú-iōng. Kah kî-thañ tiong-a ê türk gí-gên kâng-khuán, latin jī-bió, thóng-it turk jī-bó sī iû soo-lên ín-ji̍p e̊, koh teh 1929 tsí 1940 nî-kan hōo kilil jī-bió lâi thè-tāi.[2][3] Tshú-guā, teh 1964-84 nî-kan, tiong-kok ê kazakh-lâng sú-iōng latin jī-bió tsok-uî kazakh-gí. Āu-lâi, kazakh alapik jī-bió ê sú-iōng teh tiong-kok tit-tio̍h khue-ho̍k.[4]
1929 latin jī-bió (Çaꞑalip)
| A a | B ʙ | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | Ə ə | G g | Ƣ ƣ | H h |
| I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | Ꞑ ꞑ | O o | Ɵ ɵ | P p |
| Q q | R r | S s | T t | U u | V v | Y y | Z z | Ь ь |
1938 latin jī-bió (Çaꞑaljp)
| A a | B ʙ | V v | G g | D d | E e | Ç ç | Z z | I i | J j | K k |
| L l | M m | N n | O o | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u | F f | X x |
| Ƣ ƣ | Q q | C c | Ə ə | H h | Ꞑ ꞑ | Ɵ ɵ | Ū ū | Y y | Ь ь |
Tsuè-kīn ê huat-tén
siu-káiKazakh latin jī-bió (2021-nî 4-gue̍h)[5]
| A a (А а) |
Ä ä (Ә ә) |
B b (Б б) |
D d (Д д) |
E e (Е е) |
F f (Ф ф) |
G g (Г г) |
Ğ ğ (Ғ ғ) |
| H h (Х х, Һ һ) |
I ı (І і) |
İ i (Й й, И и) |
J j (Ж ж) |
K k (К к) |
L l (Л л) |
M m (М м) |
N n (Н н) |
| Ñ ñ (Ң ң) |
O o (О о) |
Ö ö (Ө ө) |
P p (П п) |
Q q (Қ қ) |
R r (Р р) |
S s (С с) |
Ş ş (Ш ш) |
| T t (Т т) |
U u (У у) |
Ū ū (Ұ ұ) |
Ü ü (Ү ү) |
V v (В в) |
Y y (Ы ы) |
Z z (З з) |
Tôo-siōng
siu-kái-
![Siōng-tāi-sing thê-gī ê Kazakh gí-gên ê latin jī-bió sī-iû tsóng-thóng līng 569-hō (2017 10-gue̍h 26) huat-pòo si̍t-si,[6] suî-āu teh 2018 2-gue̍h 19 tsóng-thóng līng 637-hō huat-pòo siu-tìng, siu-tìng ê lāi-iông sī iōng pèn-im hû-hō hām Jī-ha̍p jī-bió [en] lâi thè-tāi phiat-hō [en].](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png/180px-2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png)
Siōng-tāi-sing thê-gī ê Kazakh gí-gên ê latin jī-bió sī-iû tsóng-thóng līng 569-hō (2017 10-gue̍h 26) huat-pòo si̍t-si,[6] suî-āu teh 2018 2-gue̍h 19 tsóng-thóng līng 637-hō huat-pòo siu-tìng, siu-tìng ê lāi-iông sī iōng pèn-im hû-hō hām Jī-ha̍p jī-bió lâi thè-tāi phiat-hō. -
![2018-nî siu-tīng ê Kazakh latin jī-bió, bo̍k-tsên kuañ-hong tng-teh sú-iōng.[7]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg/180px-2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg.png)
2018-nî siu-tīng ê Kazakh latin jī-bió, bo̍k-tsên kuañ-hong tng-teh sú-iōng.[7] -
2019-nî thê-tshut ê sin-pán Kazakh latin jī-bió-pió. -
2021-nî 4-gue̍h siu-tīng kazakh latin jī-bió, uì 2023-nî khai-sí tsìng-sik sú-iōng.
![Siōng-tāi-sing thê-gī ê Kazakh gí-gên ê latin jī-bió sī-iû tsóng-thóng līng 569-hō (2017 10-gue̍h 26) huat-pòo si̍t-si,[6] suî-āu teh 2018 2-gue̍h 19 tsóng-thóng līng 637-hō huat-pòo siu-tìng, siu-tìng ê lāi-iông sī iōng pèn-im hû-hō hām Jī-ha̍p jī-bió [en] lâi thè-tāi phiat-hō [en].](/wiki/t%C3%B3ng-%C3%A0n:2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png)
![2018-nî siu-tīng ê Kazakh latin jī-bió, bo̍k-tsên kuañ-hong tng-teh sú-iōng.[7]](/wiki/t%C3%B3ng-%C3%A0n:2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg)
Alapik bûn-jī
siu-kái
Kazakh Alapik jī-bió ê hîng-sik
siu-káiKazakh Alapik jī-bió:
| Tsuán-jī | Kazakh miâ-tshing | IPA | To̍k-li̍p | Tsuè-āu | Tiong-iong | Khí-thâu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Аа | әліп (älip) | [ɑ] | ا | ﺎ | ا | |
| Әә | һәмзә-әліп (hämzä-älip) | [æ] | ٵ | ٴﺎ | ٵ | |
| Бб | ба (ba) | [b] | ﺏ | ﺐ | ﺒ | ﺑ |
| Пп | па (pa) | [p] | پ | ﭗ | ﭙ | ﭙ |
| Тт | та (ta) | [t] | ﺕ | ﺖ | ﺘ | ﺗ |
| Жж | жим (jım) | [ʑ] | ﺝ | ﺞ | ﺠ | ﺟ |
| Чч | ха үш ноқат (ha üş noqat) | [t͡ɕ] | ﭺ | ﭻ | ﭽ | ﭼ |
| Хх | ха (xa) | [χ~q] | ﺡ | ﺢ | ﺤ | ﺣ |
| Дд | дәл (däl) | [d] | ﺩ | ﺪ | ﺩ | |
| Рр | ра (ra) | [r] | ﺭ | ﺮ | ﺭ | |
| Зз | заин (zaın) | [z] | ﺯ | ﺰ | ﺯ | |
| Сс | син (sın) | [s] | ﺱ | ﺲ | ﺴ | ﺳ |
| Шш | шин (şın) | [ɕ] | ﺵ | ﺶ | ﺸ | ﺷ |
| Ғғ | аин (aın) | [ɢ~ʁ] | ﻉ | ﻊ | ﻌ | ﻋ |
| Фф | фа (fa) | [f] | ﻑ | ﻒ | ﻔ | ﻓ |
| Ққ | қаф (qaf) | [q] | ﻕ | ﻖ | ﻘ | ﻗ |
| Кк | кәф (käf) | [k] | ك | ـك | ـكـ | كـ |
| Гг | гәф (gäf) | [ɡ] | گ | ﮓ | ﮕ | ﮔ |
| Ңң | кәф үш ноқат (käf üş noqat) | [ŋ~ɴ] | ڭ | ـڭ | ـڭـ | ڭـ |
| Лл | ләм (läm) | [l~ɫ] | ﻝ | ﻞ | ﻠ | ﻟ |
| Мм | мим (mım) | [m] | ﻡ | ﻢ | ﻤ | ﻣ |
| Нн | нун (nun) | [n] | ﻥ | ﻦ | ﻨ | ﻧ |
| Оо | уау (uau) | [wʊ~o̞] | و | ﻮ | و | |
| Өө | һәмзә-уау (hämzä-uau) | [wʏ~ɵ] | ٶ | ٴـو | ٶ | |
| Ұұ | уау дамма (uau damma) | [ʊ] | ﯗ | ـﯗ | ﯗ | |
| Үү | һәмзә-уау дамма (hämzä-uau damma) | [ʏ] | ٷ | ٴـﯗ | ٷ | |
| Уу | уау үш ноқат (uau üş noqat) | [w], [ʊw], [ʏw] | ﯞ | ـﯞ | ﯞ | |
| Вв | уау құсбелгі (uau qūsbelgi) | [v] | ۆ | ـۆ | ۆ | |
| Ее | һә (hä) | [jɪ] | ە | ﻪ | ە | |
| Һһ | һә екі көз (hä eki köz) | [h] | ھ | ـھ | ـھـ | ھـ |
| Іі | я (ıa) | [ə] | ﻯ | ـى | ـىـ | ىـ |
| Ыы | һәмзә-я (hämzä-ıa) | [ɪ] | ٸ | ٴـى | ٴـىـ | ٸـ |
| Йй, Ии | я екі ноқат (ıa eki noqat) | [j], [ɪj], [əj] | ي | ي | ﻴ | ﻳ |
| - | һәмзә (hämzä) | ء | ||||
Tuì-ìng tôo-pió
siu-káiKuañ-hong hām siong kóng-huàn ê su-siá bûn-jī ê tuì-ìng tôo-pió:
| Kiril | Latin (2021 4-gue̍h)[8] | Latin
(2019)[9] |
Latin (2018)[10][11] |
Latin (2017) |
Latin (QazAqparat, Kazakh Uikiphitia) |
Bông-bûn | Alapik | Alapik jī-bó ê miâ-tshing | IPA tsuàn-i̍k[12][13] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | A a | A a | A a | A a | A a | ⠁ | ا | Alif | /ɑ/ |
| Ә ә | Ä ä | Ä ä | Á á | Aʼ aʼ | Ä ä | ⠜ | ٵ | Hamza + Alif | /æ/ |
| Б б | B b | B b | B b | B b | B b | ⠃ | ب | Ba | /b/ |
| В в | V v | V v | V v | V v | V v | ⠺ | ۆ | Waw with V | /v/ |
| Г г | G g | G g | G g | G g | G g | ⠛ | گ | Gaf | /ɡ/ |
| Ғ ғ | Ğ ğ | Ğ ğ | Ǵ ǵ | Gʼ gʼ | Ğ ğ | ⠻ | غ | Ghain | /ʁ/ |
| Д д | D d | D d | D d | D d | D d | ⠙ | د | Dal | /d/ |
| Е е | E e | E e | E e | E e | E e | ⠑ | ە | Ha | /jɪ/ |
| Ё ё | İo io | Yo yo | Io ıo | Yo yo | – | ⠡ | يو | Ya + Waw | /jo/ |
| Ж ж | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | ⠚ | ج | Jeem | /ʒ/ |
| З з | Z z | Z z | Z z | Z z | Z z | ⠵ | ز | Za | /z/ |
| И и | İ i | I ı | I ı | Iʼ iʼ | Ï ï | ⠊ | ٸ | Hamza + Ya | /ɪj/, /əj/ |
| Й й | İ i | I ı | I ı | Iʼ iʼ | Y y | ⠯ | ي | Ya | /j/ |
| К к | K k | K k | K k | K k | K k | ⠅ | ك | Kaf | /k/ |
| Қ қ | Q q | Q q | Q q | Q q | Q q | ⠹ | ق | Qaf | /q/ |
| Л л | L l | L l | L l | L l | L l | ⠇ | ل | Lam | /l/ |
| М м | M m | M m | M m | M m | M m | ⠍ | م | Meem | /m/ |
| Н н | N n | N n | N n | N n | N n | ⠝ | ن | Noon | /n/ |
| Ң ң | Ñ ñ | Ŋ ŋ | Ń ń | Nʼ nʼ | Ñ ñ | ⠩ | ڭ | Ng | /ŋ/ |
| О о | O o | O o | O o | O o | O o | ⠕ | و | Waw | /wʊ/ |
| Ө ө | Ö ö | Ö ö | Ó ó | Oʼ oʼ | Ö ö | ⠣ | ٶ | Hamza + Waw | /wʏ/ |
| П п | P p | P p | P p | P p | P p | ⠏ | پ | Pa | /p/ |
| Р р | R r | R r | R r | R r | R r | ⠗ | ر | Ra | /ɾ/ |
| С с | S s | S s | S s | S s | S s | ⠎ | س | Seen | /s/ |
| Т т | T t | T t | T t | T t | T t | ⠞ | ت | Ta | /t/ |
| У у | U u | W w | Ý ý | Yʼ yʼ | W w | ⠥ | ۋ | Waw with 3 dots | /w/, /ʊw/, /ʏw/ |
| Ұ ұ | Ū ū | U u | U u | U u | U u | ⠌ | ۇ | Waw with damma | /ʊ/ |
| Ү ү | Ü ü | Ü ü | Ú ú | Uʼ uʼ | Ü ü | ⠬ | ٷ | Hamza + Waw with damma | /ʏ/ |
| Ф ф | F f | F f | F f | F f | F f | ⠋ | ف | Fa | /f/ |
| Х х | H h | H h | H h | H h | X x | ⠓ | ح | Ḥa | /q/, /ꭓ/ |
| Һ һ | H h | H h | H h | H h | H h | ⠧ | ھ | Initial Ha | /h/ |
| Ц ц | ? | C c | S s | C c | ⠉ | تس | Ta + Seen | /ts/, /s/ | |
| Ч ч | ? | Ç ç | Ch ch | Cʼ cʼ | Ç ç | ⠟ | چ | Cheem/Che | /tʃ/ |
| Ш ш | Ş ş | Ş ş | Sh sh | Sʼ sʼ | Ş ş | ⠱ | ش | Sheen | /ʃ/ |
| Щ щ | ? | Şç şç | Shch shch | Şç şç | ⠭ | شش | Sheen + Sheen | /ʃtʃ/ | |
| Ъ ъ | " | (ʺ) | ⠷ | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Ы ы | Y y | Y y | Y y | Y y | I ı | ⠮ | ى | Alif maqṣūrah | /ɯ/ |
| І і | I ı | İ i | I i | I i | İ i | ⠽ | ٸ | Hamza + Alif maqṣūrah | /ɪ/ |
| Ь ь | ' | (ʹ) | ⠾ | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Э э | ? | E e | E e | É é | ⠪ | ە | Ha | /ɛ/ | |
| Ю ю | İu iu | Yu yu | Iý ıý | Yw yw | ⠳ | يۋ | Ya + Waw with 3 dots | /jʏw/, /jʊw/ | |
| Я я | İa ia | Ya ya | Ia ıa | Ya ya | ⠫ | يا | Ya + Alif | /jɑ, jæ/ |
Kuat-hō lāi-té ê hû-hō kan-na iōng teh siang-hiòng im-i̍k. Tsham-ua̍t: Guá-ê Kazakhstan.
Bûn-pún sī-lē
siu-káiSè-kài jîn-kuân suan-gên tē-1 tiâu:[14]
| Kazakh (Kilil bûn-jī) | Kazakh (Alapik bûn-jī) | Eng-gí |
|---|---|---|
| Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс. | بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتيىس. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
| Kazakh iōng Latin jī-bó (2017 iû Nazarbayev phue-tsún, 2018 siu-kái) |
Kazakh iōng Lating jī-bó (Kazinform, Kazakh Uikipitia hām gí-giân ha̍k-ka ê pán-pún) | |
| Barlyq adamdar týmysynan azat jáne qadir-qasıeti men quqyqtary teń bolyp dúnıege keledi. Adamdarǵa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen týystyq, baýyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaýlary tıis. | Barlıq adamdar twmısınan azat jäne qadir-qasïyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp dünïyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen twıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tïis. | |
| Kazakh iōng Yañalif (1929 piàn-thé) |
Kazakh iōng Yañalif (1938 piàn-thé) |
Kazakh iōng Phing-im (1964–1984) |
| Barlьq adamdar tьvmьsьnan azat çəne qadir-qasijeti men quqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dynijege keledi. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berilgen, sondьqtan olar bir-birimen tьvьstьq, bavьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasavlarь tijis. | Barlьq adamdar tumьsьnan azat çəne qadjr-qasietj men qūqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dyniege keledj. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berjlgen, sondьqtan olar bjr-bjrjmen tuьstьq, bauьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasaularь tijs. | Barleⱪ adamdar tewmesenan azat jənê ⱪadir-ⱪasiyêti mên ⱪuⱪeⱪtare têng bolep düniyêgê kêlêdi. Adamdarƣa aⱪel-parasat, ar-ojdan bêrilgên, sondeⱪtan olar bir-birimên tewesteⱪ, bawermaldeⱪ ⱪarem-ⱪatenas jasawlare tiyis. |
| Kazakh Latin jī-bó (2021) | Kazakh iōng IPA | |
| Barlyq adamdar tumysynan azat jäne qadır-qasietı men qūqyqtary teŋ bolyp düniege keledı. Adamdarğa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berılgen, sondyqtan olar bır-bırımen tuystyq, bauyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaulary tiıs. | [bɑrˈɫəq ɑdɑmˈdɑr tʰʊwməsəˈnɑn ɑˈzɑt ʒæˈɲe qɑˈdɘr qɑsɘjeˈtɘ mʲeɴ qʊqəqtɑˈrə tʲem boˈɫəp dʉnɘjeˈɟe cʰeʎeˈdɘ ‖ ɑdɑmdɑrˈʁɑ‿qəɫ pɑrɑˈsɑt ɑr‿wʊʒˈdɑm bʲerɘʎˈɟen | sondəqˈtɑn wʊˈɫɑr bɘr bɘrɘˈmʲen tʰʊwəsˈtəq | bɑwərmɑɫˈdəq qɑˈrəm qɑtəˈnɑs ʒɑsɑwɫɑˈrə tʰɘˈjɘs ‖] | |
Tsù-kái
siu-kái- ↑ Aslan, Betül (2010-03-01). "SOVYET RUSYA HAKİMİYETİNDE YAŞAYAN TÜRKLERİN ORTAK "BİRLEŞTİRİLMİŞ TÜRK ALFABESİ"NDEN "RUS KİRİL" ALFABESİNE GEÇİRİLMESİ". Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi. 16 (40): 357–374. ISSN 1300-9052.
- ↑ "Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. April 12, 2017. goân-loē-iông tī July 6, 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. October 30, 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Назарбаев, Нұрсұлтан (April 26, 2017). "Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру" [Orientation for the future: spiritual revival]. Egemen Qazaqstan (ēng Kazakh-gí). goân-loē-iông tī June 28, 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. October 30, 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031
- ↑ "О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику" [On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script] (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Kazakhstan ê tsóng-thóng. October 26, 2017. October 26, 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Gradual transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin alphabet". Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2020-05-04 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "New kazakh latin alphabet was shown". 2021-02-02 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Yergaliyeva, Aidana (2019-11-18). "Fourth version of Kazakh Latin script will preserve language purity, linguists say". The Astana Times (ēng Eng-gí). 2020-04-03 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Qazaq álipbıi". goân-loē-iông tī 2019-12-11 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-01-27 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Mátindik konverter". goân-loē-iông tī 2018-12-22 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-01-27 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Vajda, Edward (1994), "Kazakh phonology", chū Kaplan, E.; Whisenhunt, D., Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz, Washington: Western Washington, pp. 603–650
- ↑ McCollum, Adam (2015), "Labial Harmonic Shift in Kazakh: Mapping the Pathways and Motivations for Decay", Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 41, Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society, pp. 329–351
- ↑ Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Kazakh pán.) – via Wikisource.
Tsham-khó bûn-hèn
siu-kái- Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Published Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01. (Eng-gí)
- Күдеринова Құралай. Қазақ жазуының тарихы мен теориясы. — Алматы: Елтаным баспасы, 2013. — 242 с.
- Сайбекова Н. Грамматологиялық парадигма: А.Байтұрсынұлы және қазақжазу үлгісінің қалыптасуы. — Алматы: Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университеті, 2020.
- Сыздықова Рәбиға. Қазақ әдеби тілінің тарихы (ХV-ХІХ ғасырлар). — Алматы: Ел-шежіре, 2014. — 352 с. — ISBN 978-601-7317-88-1.
- Казахская письменность // Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия. — Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы, 2005. — Т. III. — ISBN 9965-9746-4-0. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Tsham-ua̍t
siu-kái- Latin bûn-jī jī-bió (Latin-script alphabet)
- Bible translations into Pashto
Guā-pōo lên-ket
siu-kái- Kazakh alphabet (in Russian) (Eng-gí)
- Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation (Eng-gí)
- Kazakh Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter (Eng-gí)
- ALASH Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic–Runic online converter (Eng-gí)
- Cyrillic–Latin 2018 online converter (Eng-gí)
- Official Kazakh version (in Arabic script) of the People's Daily Online (Eng-gí)