Alkane
Alkane sī chi̍t-ê chióng-lūi ê Iú-ki hoà-ha̍p-bu̍t ê chóng-chheng, mā hō-chòe Paraffin. Alkane sī páu-hô-ê hydrocarbon, in hun-chú lāi-té-ê só͘-ū carbon (C) kah hydrogen (H) gôan-chú chi-kan ê hòa-ha̍k-kiān lóng-sī tan-kiān.[1] Alkane ê hòa-ha̍k-sek siá-chòe CnH2n+2. Alkane ê chú-iàu lâi-gôan sī chio̍h-iû kah thian-jiân-khì.[2] Ta̍k-ê carbon gôan-chú ū 4-ê hoà-ha̍k-kiān (C-H ia̍h-sī C-C kiān), só͘-ū-ê hydrogen gôan-chú lóng kah chi̍t-ê carbon gôan-chú kiat-ha̍p (H-C kiān). Kiat-kò͘ siōng kán-tan-ê alkane sī methane (CH4). Tī alkane ka-cho̍k lāi-té, carbon ê sò͘-liōng pēng-bô hān-chè. Alkane ê hóan-èng-sèng bô kóng chin kiông. Só͘-ū-ê alkane lóng bô-sek bô-bī.
Kiat-kò͘ hun-lūi
siu-káiPáu-hô-ê hydrocarbon khó-lêng sī:
- Ti̍t-sòaⁿ (hoà-ha̍k-sek CnH2n+2)
- Hun-chi (hoà-ha̍k-sek CnH2n+2, n > 3)
- Khôan-chōng (hoà-ha̍k-sek CnH2n, n > 2)
Ī-sèng-thé
siu-káiNā-sī carbon ê sò͘-liōng chhiau-kòe 3, alkane tō ū kò͘-chō ī-sèng-thé ê chûn-chāi. Chi̍t-ê alkane siōng kán-tan-ê ī-sèng-thé sī ti̍t-sòaⁿ bô hun-chi ê hit-ê, chit-khóan ī-sèng-thé hō-chòe "n-alkane" ("n" tāi-piáu eng-bûn ê "normal", "it-poaⁿ" ê ì-sù). Carbon ê sò͘-liōng nā jú chōe, ī-sèng-thé ê sò͘-liōng mā cheng-ka jú kín.
- C1: chí-ū methane, bô ī-sèng-thé.
- C2: chí-ū ethane, bô ī-sèng-thé.
- C3: chí-ū propane, bô ī-sèng-thé.
- C4: ū 2-ê ī-sèng-thé, n-butane kah isobutane.
- C5: ū 3-ê ī-sèng-thé, pentane, isopentane, kah neopentane.
- C6: ū 5-ê ī-sèng-thé, hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, kah 2,3-dimethylbutane.
- C12: ū 355-ê ī-sèng-thé.
- C32: ū 27,711,253,769-ê ī-sèng-thé.
- C60: ū 22,158,734,535,770,411,074,184-ê ī-sèng-thé, put-kò chin-chōe pēng-bô ún-tēng.
Hun-chi-ê alkane iáu-ū khó-lêng ū chhiú-sèng.
Hō-miâ hong-sek
siu-káiTi̍t-sòaⁿ alkane
siu-káiHun-chi alkane
siu-káiBu̍t-lí sèng-chit
siu-káiPiáu-keh
siu-káiAlkane | Hoà-ha̍k-sek | Hut-tiám [°C] | Iûⁿ-tiám [°C] | Bi̍t-tō͘ [g·cm−3](20°C) | Bô͘-hêng-tô |
Methane | CH4 | −162 | −182 | khì-thé | |
Ethane | C2H6 | −89 | −183 | khì-thé | |
Propane | C3H8 | −42 | −188 | khì-thé | |
Butane | C4H10 | 0 | −138 | khì-thé | |
Pentane | C5H12 | 36 | −130 | 0.626 (e̍k-thé) | |
Hexane | C6H14 | 69 | −95 | 0.659 (e̍k-thé) | |
Heptane | C7H16 | 98 | −91 | 0.684 (e̍k-thé) | |
Octane | C8H18 | 126 | −57 | 0.703 (e̍k-thé) | |
Nonane | C9H20 | 151 | −54 | 0.718 (e̍k-thé) | |
Decane | C10H22 | 174 | −30 | 0.730 (e̍k-thé) | |
Undecane | C11H24 | 196 | −26 | 0.740 (e̍k-thé) | |
Dodecane | C12H26 | 216 | −10 | 0.749 (e̍k-thé) | |
Hexadecane | C16H34 | 287 | 18 | 0.773 (e̍k-thé) | |
Icosane | C20H42 | 343 | 37 | kò͘-thé | |
Triacontane | C30H62 | 450 | 66 | kò͘-thé | |
Tetracontane | C40H82 | 525 | 82 | kò͘-thé | |
Pentacontane | C50H102 | 575 | 91 | kò͘-thé | |
Hexacontane | C60H122 | 625 | 100 | kò͘-thé |
Hut-tiám
siu-káiAlkane hun-chú chi-kan lóng ū van der Waals le̍k ê chò-iōng; chit-khóan chò-iōng nā-sī jú kiông, alkane ê hut-tiám tō jú kôaiⁿ.[3] Phòaⁿ-tòan van der Waals le̍k ê kiông-jio̍k, ū nn̄g-chióng hong-sek:
- Hun-chú ióng-iú ê tiān-chú sò͘-liōng. Chit-ê sò͘-liōng ē tòe Alkane hun-chú-liōng ê cheng-ka lâi cheng-ka.
- Hun-chú ê piáu-bīn-chek tōa-sè.
Tī piau-chún chōng-hóng hā, CH4 kàu C4H10 sī khì-thé, C5H12 kàu C17H36 sī e̍k-thé, C18H38 chi-āu tō lóng-sī kò͘-thé. In-ūi hun-chú ê tāng-liōng sī éng-hióng alkane hut-tiám tōa-sè ê chú-iàu in-sò͘, in-chhú alkane hun-chú ê hut-tiám hām hun-chú-liōng ê tōa-sè ū sòaⁿ-sèng koan-hē. Iû piⁿ-á ê chhu-sè-tô͘ ē-sái khòaⁿ-chhut: múi cheng-ka chi̍t-ê carbon, alkane hun-chú ê hut-tiám tō ē cheng-ka 20 kàu 30°C.[3]
Ti̍t-liān alkane ê hut-tiám lóng pí ū hun-chi ê kôaiⁿ, in-ūi hun-chi ē kiám-chió hun-chú chi-kan ê chiap-chhiok piáu-bīn-chek, khì éng-hióng-tio̍h alkane hun-chú chi-kan ê van der Waals le̍k. Pí-lūn-kóng, pí-kàu n-butane kah isobutane (2-methylpropane), in-ê hut-tiám hun-pia̍t sī 0°C kah -12°C.[3]
Iûⁿ-tiám
siu-káiAlkane ê iûⁿ-tiám chham in-ê hut-tiám ū kâng-khóan-ê kiâⁿ-hiòng, gôan-in mā kah téng-bīn kóng-tio̍h-ê kâng-khóan. Tī pa̍t-hāng gōa-chāi tiâu-kiāⁿ lóng sio-kâng ê chōng-hóng chi-hā, hun-chú khah tōa, iûⁿ-tiám chū-jiân chiū ē khah tōa. Put-kò, iûⁿ-tiám chham hut-tiám ê kiâⁿ-hiòng ū chi̍t-ê bô-kâng-ê só͘-chāi. Ùi bīn-téng-ê kiâⁿ-hiòng-tô͘ (lâm-sek ê sòaⁿ), ē-sái hoat-hiān khia-sò͘ alkane ê iûⁿ-tiám kiâⁿ-hiòng pí siang-sò͘-ê khah kē tām-po̍h-á; che sī in-ūi siang-sò͘ alkane ê kiat-kò͘ pí khia-sò͘-ê khah ún-kò͘, só͘-í chiū su-iàu khah kôaiⁿ-ê lêng-liōng (un-tō͘) lâi tùi kò͘-thé chiâⁿ-chòe e̍k-thé.[4]
Chham-khó
siu-kái- ↑ "Alkane - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". merriam-webster.com. 3 October 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Arora, A. (2006). Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, Alkenes And Alkynes). Discovery Publishing House Pvt. Limited. ISBN 9788183561426.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 R. T. Morrison, R. N. Boyd (1992). Organic Chemistry (6th pán.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-643669-2.
- ↑ Boese R, Weiss HC, Blaser D (1999). "The melting point alternation in the short-chain n-alkanes: Single-crystal X-ray analyses of propane at 30 K and of n-butane to n-nonane at 90 K". Angew Chemie Int Ed. 38: 988–992. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990401)38:7<988::AID-ANIE988>3.3.CO;2-S.
Pó͘-chhiong
siu-káiPún bûn-chiuⁿ sī chi̍t phiⁿ phí-á-kiáⁿ. Lí thang tàu khok-chhiong lâi pang-chō͘ Wikipedia. |