Mogul Tè-kok

Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire
	1526–1857
	The empire at its greatest extent in c. 1700 under Aurangzeb (Pang-bô͘:Reign)
Tē-ūi	Empire
Siú-to͘	Agra (1526–1530; 1560–1571; 1598–1648); Delhi (1530–1540; 1554–1556; 1639–1857); Lahore (1586–1598); Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585);
Thong-iōng gí-giân	Persian (official and court language); Urdu (later given official status); Hindustani (lingua franca); Chagatai (spoken in the initial years); Arabic (for religious ceremonies); Other Indian languages;
Chong-kàu	State religion:; Sunni Islam (Hanafi); Din-i Ilahi (1582–1605);
Chèng-hú	Unitary absolute monarchy under a federal structure Centralized autocracy (1526–1719); Oligarchic constitutional monarchy (1719–1857);
Emperor
• 1526–1530 (first)	Babur
• 1837–1857 (last)	Bahadur Shah II
Vakil-i-Mutlaq
• 1526–1540 (first)	Mir Khalifa
• 1795–1818 (last)	Daulat Rao Sindhia
Grand Vizier
• 1526–1540 (first)	Mir Khalifa
• 1775–1797 (last)	Asaf-ud-Daula
Le̍k-sú sî-kî	Early modern
• First Battle of Panipat	1526 nî21 April
• Empire interrupted by Sur Empire	1540–1555
• Second Battle of Panipat	5 November 1556
• Mughal–Maratha Wars	1680 – 1707
• Battle of Delhi followed by Battle of Bhopal	1737
• Nader Shah's invasion of India	10 May 1738–1740
• Battle of Buxar	22 October 1764
• Siege of Delhi	1857 nî21 September
• Mughal emperor tried and exiled to Burma	1858
Bīn-chek
1690	4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi)
Jîn-kháu
• 1595	125,000,000
• 1700	158,000,000
Hoè-pè	Rupee, Taka, dam
í-chêng kok-ka	í-āu kok-ka
	Delhi Sultanate
	Sur Empire
Maratha Empire
Sikh Misl
Company rule in India
British Raj

Mogul Tè-kok (Urdu-gí: مغلیہ سلطنت‎, Mughliyah Salṭanat), chū hō sī Gūrkāniyān (Pho-su-gí: گورکانیان‎‎), chú-iàu thóng-tī Ìn-tō͘ chhù-tāi-lio̍k, sī chêng Bông-kó͘ Tè-kok ê Chagatai Hān-kok Timurid ông-tiâu tī 1526 nî kiàn-li̍p--ê.

Tè-kok thóng-tī liáu kin-á-ji̍t Ìn-tō͘ chhù-tāi-lio̍k kap Afghanistan ê tōa-pō͘-hūn.

Hō-miâ

Mogul chit-ê miâ sī keng-kòe A-la-pek kap Pho-su tùi "Bông-kó͘" ê chheng-ho͘ piàn-hêng--chhut-lâi-ê, liáu-āu thoân kòe Se-iûⁿ kok-ka, chit-ê chheng-ho͘ kiông-tiāu liáu Timurid ông-tiâu ê Bông-kó͘ goân-thâu.

Tsù-sik

↑ The title (Mirza) descends to all the sons of the family, without exception. In the royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. The title of Khan is creative, but not hereditary.^[5]

Tsù-kái

↑ Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994). "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals". Asian Perspectives. 33 (2): 294. ISSN 0066-8435. JSTOR 42928323.
↑ Conan 2007, p. 235.
↑ "Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)". BBC. 7 September 2009. 13 June 2019 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Pagaza & Argyriades 2009, p. 129.
↑ Morier 1812, p. 601.
↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). "East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 219–229. doi:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369. ISSN 1076-156X.
↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
↑ Dyson, Tim (2019), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-256430-6, We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India’s population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew over the course of the seventeenth century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707. That said, we do know that the main concentrations of people were in the core Mughal provinces i.e. Lahore, Delhi, Agra, Awadh, and Allahabad. It was their high rural densities that ultimately sustained the main cities with all of their complexity and culture. There were, of course, sizeable rural populations supporting substantial, if lesser, urban centres elsewhere—for example in Gujarat, and on rivers like the Kaveri and the Godavari. Moreover, there were major concentrations of people on both the coastal plains.
↑ Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī borocz
↑ Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī Richards1995

Pún bûn-chiuⁿ sī chi̍t phiⁿ phí-á-kiáⁿ. Lí thang tàu khok-chhiong lâi pang-chō͘ Wikipedia.

[6] The title (Mirza) descends to all the sons of the family, without exception. In the royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. The title of Khan is creative, but not hereditary.^[5]

[1] Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994). "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals". Asian Perspectives. 33 (2): 294. ISSN 0066-8435. JSTOR 42928323.

[FOOTNOTEConan2007235-2] Conan 2007, p. 235.

[bbc2009-3] "Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)". BBC. 7 September 2009. 13 June 2019 khòaⁿ--ê.

[FOOTNOTEPagazaArgyriades2009129-4] Pagaza & Argyriades 2009, p. 129.

[FOOTNOTEMorier1812601-5] Morier 1812, p. 601.

[TurchinAdams2006-7] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). "East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 219–229. doi:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369. ISSN 1076-156X.

[Taagepera-8] Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.

[dyson=mughals-9] Dyson, Tim (2019), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-256430-6, We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India’s population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew over the course of the seventeenth century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707. That said, we do know that the main concentrations of people were in the core Mughal provinces i.e. Lahore, Delhi, Agra, Awadh, and Allahabad. It was their high rural densities that ultimately sustained the main cities with all of their complexity and culture. There were, of course, sizeable rural populations supporting substantial, if lesser, urban centres elsewhere—for example in Gujarat, and on rivers like the Kaveri and the Godavari. Moreover, there were major concentrations of people on both the coastal plains.

[borocz-10] Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī borocz

[Richards1995-11] Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī Richards1995

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