Mogul Tè-kok
Mogul Tè-kok (Urdu-gí: مغلیہ سلطنت, Mughliyah Salṭanat), chū hō sī Gūrkāniyān (Pho-su-gí: گورکانیان), chú-iàu thóng-tī Ìn-tō͘ chhù-tāi-lio̍k, sī chêng Bông-kó͘ Tè-kok ê Chagatai Hān-kok Timurid ông-tiâu tī 1526 nî kiàn-li̍p--ê.
Mughal Empire | |||||||||||||||||
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1526–1857 | |||||||||||||||||
Tē-ūi | Empire | ||||||||||||||||
Siú-to͘ |
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Thong-iōng gí-giân |
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Chong-kàu |
State religion:
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Chèng-hú |
Unitary absolute monarchy under a federal structure
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Emperor[lower-alpha 1] | |||||||||||||||||
• 1526–1530 (first) | Babur | ||||||||||||||||
• 1837–1857 (last) | Bahadur Shah II | ||||||||||||||||
Vakil-i-Mutlaq | |||||||||||||||||
• 1526–1540 (first) | Mir Khalifa | ||||||||||||||||
• 1795–1818 (last) | Daulat Rao Sindhia | ||||||||||||||||
Grand Vizier | |||||||||||||||||
• 1526–1540 (first) | Mir Khalifa | ||||||||||||||||
• 1775–1797 (last) | Asaf-ud-Daula | ||||||||||||||||
Le̍k-sú sî-kî | Early modern | ||||||||||||||||
1526 nî 21 April | |||||||||||||||||
• Empire interrupted by Sur Empire | 1540–1555 | ||||||||||||||||
5 November 1556 | |||||||||||||||||
1680 – 1707 | |||||||||||||||||
• Battle of Delhi followed by Battle of Bhopal | 1737 | ||||||||||||||||
10 May 1738–1740 | |||||||||||||||||
22 October 1764 | |||||||||||||||||
1857 nî 21 September | |||||||||||||||||
• Mughal emperor tried and exiled to Burma | 1858 | ||||||||||||||||
Bīn-chek | |||||||||||||||||
1690[6][7] | 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||
Jîn-kháu | |||||||||||||||||
• 1595 | 125,000,000[8] | ||||||||||||||||
• 1700 | 158,000,000[9] | ||||||||||||||||
Hoè-pè | Rupee, Taka, dam[10]:73–74 | ||||||||||||||||
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Tè-kok thóng-tī liáu kin-á-ji̍t Ìn-tō͘ chhù-tāi-lio̍k kap Afghanistan ê tōa-pō͘-hūn.
Hō-miâ
siu-káiMogul chit-ê miâ sī keng-kòe A-la-pek kap Pho-su tùi "Bông-kó͘" ê chheng-ho͘ piàn-hêng--chhut-lâi-ê, liáu-āu thoân kòe Se-iûⁿ kok-ka, chit-ê chheng-ho͘ kiông-tiāu liáu Timurid ông-tiâu ê Bông-kó͘ goân-thâu.
Tsù-sik
siu-káiTsù-kái
siu-kái- ↑ Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994). "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals". Asian Perspectives. 33 (2): 294. ISSN 0066-8435. JSTOR 42928323.
- ↑ Conan 2007, p. 235.
- ↑ "Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)". BBC. 7 September 2009. 13 June 2019 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Pagaza & Argyriades 2009, p. 129.
- ↑ Morier 1812, p. 601.
- ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). "East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 219–229. doi:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369. ISSN 1076-156X.
- ↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
- ↑ Dyson, Tim (2019), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-256430-6,
We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India’s population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew over the course of the seventeenth century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707. That said, we do know that the main concentrations of people were in the core Mughal provinces i.e. Lahore, Delhi, Agra, Awadh, and Allahabad. It was their high rural densities that ultimately sustained the main cities with all of their complexity and culture. There were, of course, sizeable rural populations supporting substantial, if lesser, urban centres elsewhere—for example in Gujarat, and on rivers like the Kaveri and the Godavari. Moreover, there were major concentrations of people on both the coastal plains.
- ↑ Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê
<ref>
tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jīborocz
- ↑ Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê
<ref>
tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jīRichards1995
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