Mogul Tè-kok

(Tùi Mughal Tè-kok choán--lâi)

Mogul Tè-kok (Urdu-gí: مغلیہ سلطنت‎, Mughliyah Salṭanat), chū hō sī Gūrkāniyān (Pho-su-gí: گورکانیان‎‎), chú-iàu thóng-tī Ìn-tō͘ chhù-tāi-lio̍k, sī chêng Bông-kó͘ Tè-kok ê Chagatai Hān-kok Timurid ông-tiâu tī 1526 nî kiàn-li̍p--ê.

Mughal Empire
1526–1857
Mughal
The empire at its greatest extent in c. 1700 under Aurangzeb (Pang-bô͘:Reign)
Tē-ūi Empire
Siú-to͘
Thong-iōng gí-giân
Chong-kàu
State religion:
  • Sunni Islam (Hanafi)
  • Din-i Ilahi (1582–1605)
Chèng-hú

Unitary absolute monarchy under a federal structure

Emperor[lower-alpha 1]  
• 1526–1530 (first)
Babur
• 1837–1857 (last)
Bahadur Shah II
Vakil-i-Mutlaq  
• 1526–1540 (first)
Mir Khalifa
• 1795–1818 (last)
Daulat Rao Sindhia
Grand Vizier  
• 1526–1540 (first)
Mir Khalifa
• 1775–1797 (last)
Asaf-ud-Daula
Le̍k-sú sî-kî Early modern
1526 nî 21 April
• Empire interrupted by Sur Empire
1540–1555
5 November 1556
1680 – 1707
1737
10 May 1738–1740
22 October 1764
1857 nî 21 September
• Mughal emperor tried and exiled to Burma
1858
Bīn-chek
1690[6][7] 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi)
Jîn-kháu
• 1595
125,000,000[8]
• 1700
158,000,000[9]
Hoè-pè Rupee, Taka, dam[10]:73–74
í-chêng kok-ka
í-āu kok-ka
Delhi Sultanate
Sur Empire
Maratha Empire
Sikh Misl
Company rule in India
British Raj
18 sè-kí chái-kî ê chi-phòe hoān-ûi.

Tè-kok thóng-tī liáu kin-á-ji̍t Ìn-tō͘ chhù-tāi-lio̍k kap Afghanistan ê tōa-pō͘-hūn.

Hō-miâ siu-kái

Mogul chit-ê miâ sī keng-kòe A-la-pek kap Pho-su tùi "Bông-kó͘" ê chheng-ho͘ piàn-hêng--chhut-lâi-ê, liáu-āu thoân kòe Se-iûⁿ kok-ka, chit-ê chheng-ho͘ kiông-tiāu liáu Timurid ông-tiâu ê Bông-kó͘ goân-thâu.

Tsù-sik siu-kái

  1. The title (Mirza) descends to all the sons of the family, without exception. In the royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. The title of Khan is creative, but not hereditary.[5]

Tsù-kái siu-kái

  1. Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994). "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals". Asian Perspectives. 33 (2): 294. ISSN 0066-8435. JSTOR 42928323. 
  2. Conan 2007, p. 235.
  3. "Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)". BBC. 7 September 2009. 13 June 2019 khòaⁿ--ê. 
  4. Pagaza & Argyriades 2009, p. 129.
  5. Morier 1812, p. 601.
  6. Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). "East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 219–229. doi:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369. ISSN 1076-156X. 
  7. Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. 
  8. Dyson, Tim (2019), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-256430-6, We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India’s population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew over the course of the seventeenth century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707. That said, we do know that the main concentrations of people were in the core Mughal provinces i.e. Lahore, Delhi, Agra, Awadh, and Allahabad. It was their high rural densities that ultimately sustained the main cities with all of their complexity and culture. There were, of course, sizeable rural populations supporting substantial, if lesser, urban centres elsewhere—for example in Gujarat, and on rivers like the Kaveri and the Godavari. Moreover, there were major concentrations of people on both the coastal plains. 
  9. Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī borocz
  10. Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī Richards1995