Choa̍t-khì thui-chìn

Tsua̍t-khì thui-tsìn (ing-gú: Air-independent propulsion (AIP); put i-lāi khong-khì thui-tsìn, hi̍k-tsiá put i-lāi khong-khì tōng-li̍k (air-independent power); 絕氣推進, 不倚賴空氣推進, 不倚賴空氣動力) sī jīm-hô tsûn-pi̍k thui-tsìn ki-su̍t, tsua̍t-khì thui-tsìn ún-tsún hui-hi̍k tshàng-tsuí-kàm teh bô tsiap-sio̍k tāi-khì sàng-sòo ê tsîng-hóng tsi-hā lâi ūn-hîng (thong-kuè hù-tshut tsuí-bīn hi̍k-tsiá sú-iōng thong-khì-kuán). AIP ē-sái tsing-kiông hi̍k-tsiá thè-tāi hui-hi̍k tsûn-pi̍k ê tshâ-tiān thui-tsìn hē-thóng [en].

Hiān-tāi hui-hi̍k tōng-li̍k tshàng-kàm khó-lîng pí hi̍k-tsí tōng-li̍k tshàng-kàm [en] koh-khah iám-sin; sui-bóng tsi̍t-kuá-á hiān-tāi tshàng-kàm huán-ìng-tui ê siat-kè i-lāi tsū-jiân sûn-huân, m̄-ku tāi-to-sòo hái-kun hi̍k huán-ìng-tui sú-iōng phòng-phuh-á lâi put-tuān sûn-huân huán-ìng-tui líng-khiok-tsē, tsū-án-ne sán-sing tsi̍t-kuá-á ē-tàng kiám-tshik ê tshò-im [en].^[1]^[2] Līng-guā tsi̍t-hong-bīn, uá-khò tiān-tî kiong-tiān hi̍k-tsiá AIP ūn-hîng ê hui-hi̍k tshàng-kàm uá-beh ē-tàng pó-tshî an-tsīng. Sui-jiân hi̍k tōng-li̍k siat-kè teh im-tsìm sî-kan, sok-tōo, hâng-tîng hām tshim-hái sìng-lîng hong-bīn iū-koh tsiàm-iú tsú-tō tē-uī; sió-hîng, ko-kho-ki ê hui-hi̍k kong-kik tshàng-kàm teh iân-hái tsok-tsiàn tang-tiong tsa̍p-jī-hun ū-hāu, ping tuì bô hiah-nī iap-phiah hām ki-tōng-sìng khah-tsha ê hi̍k tshàng-kàm kòo-sîng tiōng-tāi ê ui-hia̍p.^[3]

AIP thong-siông tsok-uî hú-tsōo hē-thóng lâi si̍t-si, thuân-thóng ê tshâ-iû huat-tōng-ki tshú-lí tē-bīn thui-tsìn. Tāi-to-sòo iōng tsit-luī hē-thóng lâi huat-tiān, tsìn-tsi̍t-pōo khu-tōng tiān-tōng-ki tsìn-hîng thui-tsìn hi̍k-tsiá uī-tio̍h tshàng-kàm ê tiān-tî tshiong-tiān. Tshàng-kàm ê tiān-li̍k hē-thóng iah-koh iōng teh thê-kiong "Tuā-pn̄g-tiàm ê ho̍k-bū"— thong-hong, tsiò-bîng, thê-kiong sio-khì tíng-tíng — sui-bòng kah thui-tsìn sóo su-iàu ê tiān-li̍k sio-pí, tse lóng-ē siau-hàu tsió-liōng ê tiān-li̍k.

AIP ē-tàng thong-kuè tshap-ji̍p tsi̍t-ê gia̍h-guā ê tsûn-thé pōo-hūn lâi kái-tsong kàu hiān-iú ê tshàng-kàm tsûn-thé lāi-té. AIP thong-siông bô thê-kiong suà-hâng-li̍k hi̍k-tsiá tōng-li̍k lâi tshú-tāi i-lāi tāi-khì ê thui-tsìn-li̍k, m̄-kù ún-tsún pí siông-kui thui-tsìn tshàng-kàm ū koh-khah tn̂g ê tsuí-hā suà-hâng-li̍k. Tsi̍t-ê tián-hîng êsiông-kui huat-tiān-tshióng siōng-tuā thê-kiong 3 tiáu-uá, lî-tshiánn AIP hē-thóng tāi-iok tsiàm kî-tiong ê 10%. Hi̍k-tshàng-kàm ê thui-tsìn tsong-tì thong-siông tshiau-kuè 20 tiáu-uá tsiânn-tsē.

Bí-kok hái-kun sú-iōng tsûn-thé hun-luī ê hû-hō "SSP" lâi tsí-tīng iû AIP thê-kiong tōng-li̍k ê tsûn-tsiah, tông-sî uī kóo-tián-sik ê tshâ-tiān kong-kik tshàng-kàm pó-liû "SSK".^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Hui-hi̍k-lîng AIP tshàng-tsuí-kàm

Tsiat-tsí 2017-nî, tāi-iok ū 10-ê kok-ka tng-teh kiàn-tsō AIP tshàng-tsuí-kàm, kî-tiong kīn 20-ê kok-ka tng-teh îng-ūn kū-pī AIP hē-thóng ê tshàng-tsuí-kám:

Kok-ka	AIP hîng-thài	Kiàn-tsō-tsiá	AIP tshàng-kàm	Tshau-tsok-tsiá	AIP sòo-bo̍k, hām pī-tsù
GER	Fuel cell	Siemens-ThyssenKrupp	Dolphin-kip	Israel	5 active / 1 under construction^[4]^[5]
			Type 209-1400mod	Hân-kok Greece Egypt	1 confirmed retrofit with AIP,^[6] up to 9 additional Chang Bogo-kip possibly retrofit.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]
			Type 212	GER Italy Norway (planned)	10 active / 8 more planned^[11]^[12] Norway plans to procure four submarines based on the Type 212 by 2025.^[13]
			Type 214	Hân-kok Greece Portugal Turkey	13 active / 2 under construction / 8 more planned^[14]^[15] 3 Turkish orders are being built at Gölcük Naval Shipyard. 3 more are planned.
			Type 218	Singapore	2 under construction / 2 more planned, with first delivery expected in 2020.^[16]^[17]^[18]
Sweden	Stirling AIP	Kockums	Gotland-kip	Sweden	3 active^[19]
			Archer-kip	Singapore	2 active (retrofit of the Västergötland-kip)^[20]
			Södermanland-kip	Sweden	2 active (retrofit of the Västergötland-kip)
			Blekinge-kip submarine	Sweden	2 planned
Pang-bô͘:JAP	Stirling AIP	Kawasaki-Kockums	Harushio-kip	Ji̍t-pún	1 retrofit: Asashio.^[21]
Pang-bô͘:JAP	Stirling AIP	Kawasaki-Kockums	Sōryū-kip	Ji̍t-pún	12 active
France	MESMA	Naval Group	Agosta 90B	Pakistan	3 in service^[22]
France	MESMA	Naval Group	Scorpène	Chile	2 in service^[23]
Spain	Fuel cell	Navantia	S-80-kip	Spain	4 under construction / 4 planned
India	Fuel cell	Defence Research and Development Organisation	Kalvari-kip	India	Six AIP-modules planned; they are to be equipped on the Kalvari-class submarines, during the mid-life refit of each submarine, scheduled to begin in 2024.^[24]
Russia	Fuel cell	Rubin Design Bureau NIISET Krylov	Project 677 Лада (Lada)	Russia	In 2019, Alexander Buzakov, the head of the Admiralty Shipyard, indicated that there were no plans to equip the Lada class with an air-independent propulsion system.^[25]
Russia	Fuel cell	Rubin Design Bureau NIISET Krylov	Project 1650 Амур (Amur)	Bô
People's Republic of China	Stirling AIP	711 Research Institute-CSHGC	Type 041 (Yuan class)	People's Republic of China	15 completed and 5 under construction
People's Republic of China	Stirling AIP	711 Research Institute-CSHGC	Type 032 (Qing class)	People's Republic of China	Experimental submarine
South Korea	Fuel cell	Hyundai Heavy Industries Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering	Dosan Ahn Changho-kip	South Korea	1 completed / 2 under construction / 6 more planned

Tsù-sik

↑ United States Navy Glossary of Naval Ship Terms (GNST). SSI is sometimes used, but SSP has been declared the preferred term by the USN. SSK (ASW Submarine) as a designator for classic diesel-electric submarines was retired by the USN in the 1950s, but continues to be used colloquially by the USN and formally by navies of the British Commonwealth and corporations such as Jane's Information Group.

Tsù-kái

↑ "S8G (Submarine, 8 for 8th generation and G for General Electric)". GlobalSecurity.org. Alexandria VA. 20 September 2021 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Polmar, Norman (2004). "10: Second Generation Nuclear Submarines". Cold War submarines : the design and construction of U.S. and Soviet submarines (1st pán.). Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 1574885308.
↑ "Tomorrow's Submarines: the Non-Nuclear Option". DefenseWatch. goân-loē-iông tī 7 July 2012 hőng khó͘-pih. 2012-07-02 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Eshel, Tamir (6 May 2011). "Israel to Receive a Third Enhanced Dolphin Submarine". Defense Update. goân-loē-iông tī 2 July 2011 hőng khó͘-pih. 25 July 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "Sixth Submarine: "The Contract Continues"". israeldefense.com. 31 October 2011. goân-loē-iông tī 21 October 2013 hőng khó͘-pih. 25 December 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "The Odyssey: Greece's U-214 Submarine Order". Defense Industry Daily. 8 October 2014. 19 December 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ ARG. "Chang Bogo Class Patrol Submarine - Military-Today.com". www.military-today.com.
↑ "Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's - IHS". articles.janes.com.
↑ Kim, Duk-Ki (2000). Naval Strategy in Northeast Asia: Geo-strategic Goals, Policies and Prospects. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 0-7146-4966-X.
↑ Meconis, Charles; Wallace (2000). East Asian Naval Weapons Acquisitions in the 1990s: Causes, Consequences, and Responses. Praeger. p. 229. ISBN 0-275-96251-2.
↑ "Classe Todaro page at Marina Militare website". 2010-04-27 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Holger Naaf: Die Brennstoffzelle auf U 212 A (PDF, German). Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau, Wehrtechnische Dienststelle für Schiffe und Marinewaffen Eckernförde, 23. September 2008.
↑ "German TKMS will build Norway's submarines". navaltoday.com. 2017-02-03. 2017-05-05 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Dr. Albert E. Hammerschmidt(Siemens AG, Erlangen), Fuel Cell Propulsion of Submarines (PDF), goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 16 July 2011 hőng khó͘-pih
↑ New Type Submarine (AIP) Project Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Undersecretariat for Defence Industries of the Republic of Turkey
↑ "Singapore Ministry of Defence Signs Contract with TKMS for two new Type 218SG submarines".
↑ "Singapore's Type-218SG – Forerunner of a new Submarine Class? - Defense Update:". defense-update.com.
↑ Editorial, Reuters. "UPDATE 1-ThyssenKrupp wins submarine order from Singapore". goân-loē-iông tī 2020-08-01 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-10-08 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "The Gotland class submarine - submerged several weeks". Kockums. goân-loē-iông tī 25 April 2011 hőng khó͘-pih. 2008-04-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "Kockums receives Singapore order to two submarines". Kockums. goân-loē-iông tī 6 June 2011 hőng khó͘-pih. 2005-11-19 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Sutton. "World survey of AIP submarines". HISutton.com. 22 November 2016 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "Pakistan Gains Edge In AIP Technology; Can It Overwhelm Indian Navy Submarines In Underwater Conflicts?". www.eurasiantimes.com. 23 August 2021.
↑ "Chilean Navy Diesel-Electric Attack Submarine Appears In San Diego (Updated)". www.thedrive.com. 1 July 2021.
↑ "Scorpene submarine programme makes progress". The Hindu. 2 February 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Archus, Dorian (December 17, 2019). "No Plans To Equip Russian Lada-Class Submarines With AIP-Constructor". Naval Post.

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 1-55750-260-9.

Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

Thornton, LCDR Grant B. (1994). A Design Tool for the Evaluation of Atmosphere Independent Propulsion in Submarines (PDF) (M.S. Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering and M.S. Mechanical Engineering thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Whitman, Edward C. (Fall 2001), "Air-Independent Propulsion: AIP Technology Creates a New Undersea Threat", Undersea Warfare, United States Navy (13), goân-loē-iông tī 8 December 2007 hőng khó͘-pih
Rogoway, Tyler (23 October 2014). "Sweden Has A Sub That's So Deadly The US Navy Hired It To Play Bad Guy". Foxtrot Alpha. 17 January 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t

Stirling engine
Lada-class submarine
Type 039A submarine
Qing-class submarine (Type 032 submarine)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat

ANALYSIS OF FUEL CELL APPLIED FOR SUBMARINE AIR INDEPENDENT PROPULSION (AIP) SYSTEM (Eng-gí)
Explained : How Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) Works! (Eng-gí)
Air Independent Propulsion - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics (Eng-gí)
YouTube téng ê Apex Predators: AIP Submarines (Air Independent Propulsion) ê iáⁿ-phìⁿ (Eng-gí)
Underseas Warfare article on AIP
Seapower article
Auxiliary nuclear reactor for Canadian submarines .PDF
Siemens fuel cells for submarines .PDF Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Research paper describing Siemens submarine fuel cells .PDF

[4] United States Navy Glossary of Naval Ship Terms (GNST). SSI is sometimes used, but SSP has been declared the preferred term by the USN. SSK (ASW Submarine) as a designator for classic diesel-electric submarines was retired by the USN in the 1950s, but continues to be used colloquially by the USN and formally by navies of the British Commonwealth and corporations such as Jane's Information Group.

[1] "S8G (Submarine, 8 for 8th generation and G for General Electric)". GlobalSecurity.org. Alexandria VA. 20 September 2021 khòaⁿ--ê.

[2] Polmar, Norman (2004). "10: Second Generation Nuclear Submarines". Cold War submarines : the design and construction of U.S. and Soviet submarines (1st pán.). Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 1574885308.

[3] "Tomorrow's Submarines: the Non-Nuclear Option". DefenseWatch. goân-loē-iông tī 7 July 2012 hőng khó͘-pih. 2012-07-02 khòaⁿ--ê.

[defUpdate_6subOrder-5] Eshel, Tamir (6 May 2011). "Israel to Receive a Third Enhanced Dolphin Submarine". Defense Update. goân-loē-iông tī 2 July 2011 hőng khó͘-pih. 25 July 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.

[gilad-6] "Sixth Submarine: "The Contract Continues"". israeldefense.com. 31 October 2011. goân-loē-iông tī 21 October 2013 hőng khó͘-pih. 25 December 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.

[greeceu214submarine-7] "The Odyssey: Greece's U-214 Submarine Order". Defense Industry Daily. 8 October 2014. 19 December 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.

[8] ARG. "Chang Bogo Class Patrol Submarine - Military-Today.com". www.military-today.com.

[janes-9] "Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's - IHS". articles.janes.com.

[nana-10] Kim, Duk-Ki (2000). Naval Strategy in Northeast Asia: Geo-strategic Goals, Policies and Prospects. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 0-7146-4966-X.

[EastAsian-11] Meconis, Charles; Wallace (2000). East Asian Naval Weapons Acquisitions in the 1990s: Causes, Consequences, and Responses. Praeger. p. 229. ISBN 0-275-96251-2.

[Todaro-12] "Classe Todaro page at Marina Militare website". 2010-04-27 khòaⁿ--ê.

[13] Holger Naaf: Die Brennstoffzelle auf U 212 A (PDF, German). Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau, Wehrtechnische Dienststelle für Schiffe und Marinewaffen Eckernförde, 23. September 2008.

[norway212-14] "German TKMS will build Norway's submarines". navaltoday.com. 2017-02-03. 2017-05-05 khòaⁿ--ê.

[15] Dr. Albert E. Hammerschmidt(Siemens AG, Erlangen), Fuel Cell Propulsion of Submarines (PDF), goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 16 July 2011 hőng khó͘-pih

[16] New Type Submarine (AIP) Project Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Undersecretariat for Defence Industries of the Republic of Turkey

[Navyrecognition-17] "Singapore Ministry of Defence Signs Contract with TKMS for two new Type 218SG submarines".

[DefenseUpdate-18] "Singapore's Type-218SG – Forerunner of a new Submarine Class? - Defense Update:". defense-update.com.

[ThomsonReuters-19] Editorial, Reuters. "UPDATE 1-ThyssenKrupp wins submarine order from Singapore". goân-loē-iông tī 2020-08-01 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-10-08 khòaⁿ--ê.

[kockums-20] "The Gotland class submarine - submerged several weeks". Kockums. goân-loē-iông tī 25 April 2011 hőng khó͘-pih. 2008-04-06 khòaⁿ--ê.

[Ref_-21] "Kockums receives Singapore order to two submarines". Kockums. goân-loē-iông tī 6 June 2011 hőng khó͘-pih. 2005-11-19 khòaⁿ--ê.

[22] Sutton. "World survey of AIP submarines". HISutton.com. 22 November 2016 khòaⁿ--ê.

[23] "Pakistan Gains Edge In AIP Technology; Can It Overwhelm Indian Navy Submarines In Underwater Conflicts?". www.eurasiantimes.com. 23 August 2021.

[24] "Chilean Navy Diesel-Electric Attack Submarine Appears In San Diego (Updated)". www.thedrive.com. 1 July 2021.

[25] "Scorpene submarine programme makes progress". The Hindu. 2 February 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.

[26] Archus, Dorian (December 17, 2019). "No Plans To Equip Russian Lada-Class Submarines With AIP-Constructor". Naval Post.

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