Texas
Texas sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu. Siú-hú sī Austin. Siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Houston.
| Texas Chiu State of Texas | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Chhiok-hō: Ko͘ Chheⁿ Chiu The Lone Star State | |||||
| Piau-gí: Iú-gī Friendship | |||||
| Chiu-koa: "Texas, Lán-ê Texas (Texas, Our Texas)" | |||||
 | |||||
| Koan-hong gí-giân | bô (chham-khó Texas ê gí-giân) | ||||
| Liû-thong gí-giân | Tōa-to-sò͘ Eng-gí; chi̍t tōa hūn sī Se-pan-gâ-gí [1] | ||||
| Chū-bîn chheng-ho͘ | Texan Texian (kū-sek) Tejano | ||||
| Siú-hú | Austin | ||||
| Siāng-tōa siâⁿ-chhī | Houston | ||||
| Siāng-tōa to͘-hōe | Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington | ||||
| Bīn-chek | Pâi-miâ 2nd | ||||
| • Ha̍p-kè | 268,581[2] sq mi (696,241 km2) | ||||
| • Tang-sai khoah | 773[3] lí (1,244 km) | ||||
| • Lâm-pak khoah | 790 lí (1,270 km) | ||||
| • % chúi-bīn | 2.5 | ||||
| • Hūi-tō͘ | 25° 50′ N to 36° 30′ N | ||||
| • Keng-tō͘ | 93° 31′ W to 106° 39′ W | ||||
| Jîn-kháu | Pâi-miâ 2nd | ||||
| • Ha̍p-kè | 27,695,284 (2015 ko͘-sǹg)[4] | ||||
| • Bi̍t-tō͘ | 103.1/sq mi (40.8/km2) Pâi-miâ 26th | ||||
| Koân-tō͘ | |||||
| • Ko-tiám | Guadalupe Peak[5][6] 8,751 ft (2667.4 m) | ||||
| • Pêng-kin | 1,700 ft (520 m) | ||||
| • Kē-tiám | Mexico Oan[5] sea level | ||||
| Siat chiu chìn-chêng | Republic of Texas | ||||
| Sin chiu seng-li̍p | December 29, 1845 (28th) | ||||
| Chiu-tiúⁿ | Greg Abbott (R) | ||||
| Hù-chiu-tiúⁿ | Dan Patrick (R) | ||||
| Li̍p-hoat | Texas Li̍p-hoat-hōe | ||||
| • Siōng-gī-īⁿ | Chham-gī-īⁿ | ||||
| • Hā-gī-īⁿ | Chiòng-gī-īⁿ | ||||
| Chham-gī-goân | John Cornyn (R) Ted Cruz (R) | ||||
| Chiòng-gī-īⁿ tāi-piáu | Kiōng-hô-tóng: 25, Bîn-chú-tóng: 11 (lia̍t-toaⁿ) | ||||
| Sî-khu | |||||
| • tōa-hūn | Tiong-iong: UTC −6/−5 | ||||
| • Sai Texas chi̍t hūn | Soaⁿ-tē: UTC −7/−6 | ||||
| ISO 3166 | US-TX | ||||
| Kán-siá | TX, Tex. | ||||
| Bāng-chām | www | ||||
Tē-hō-miâ
siu-kái"Texas" chit jī sī tùi Hasinai-lâng ê Caddo-gí ê táyshaʔ chio̍h--lâi, ì-sù sī "pêng-iú" he̍k-chiá "bêng-iú".[2]
Tē-lí
siu-káiTexas ê bīn-chek tī Bí-kok kok chiū lāi pâi tē-2, tī Alaska āu-piah, ū 696,200 pêng-hong kong-lí. Ūi-tì siōng Texas sī tī Bí-kok tiong-lâm-pō͘. Texas kap lâm-pêng ê Mexico chi-kan sio-keh Rio Grande Hô, tùi-bīn sī Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, kap Tamaulipas. Chham pak-pêng ê Oklahoma kap Arkansas chi kan, sī sio-keh Red Hô (Red River). Nā kap tang-pêng ê Louisiana chi kan, sī Sabine Hô. Chiu lāi sai-pak-pō͘ ū chit ūi hong hō chò Texas Panhandle, sì-ûi kap Oklahoma kap New Mexico sio oah.
Chū-jiân tē-lí hong-bīn, Texas ē-sài hun chò kúi khú, pau-koat Oan Hōaⁿ Pêng-goân (Gulf Coastal Plains), Lōe-liok Kē-tē (Interior Lowlands), Tōa Pêng-goân (Great Plains), koh ū La̍p-tē kap Soaⁿ-lêng Tē-hng (Basin and Range Province).
Le̍k-sú
siu-káiColumbus í-chêng
siu-káiTī Chêng-Columbus sî-tāi (Pre-Columbian era) ê Pak Bí-chiu, Texas chit ūi sī Sai-lâm (Southwestern) kap Pêng-goân (Plains) nn̄g tōa bûn-hòa khu sio-chiap ê só͘-chāi. Chiàu khó-kó͘ gián-kiù, tī Au-chiu lâng lâi chìn-chêng, Texas ê tiong-se-pō͘ ū Pueblo; oa̍h tang-pêng ū Mississippi bûn-hòa; lēng-gōa koh ū Mesoamerica ê bûn-hòa tī lâm-pō͘ seng-oa̍h.
Só͘ chai pat tī Texas lāi khiā-khí ê goân-chū-bîn pau-koat Alabama, Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Coahuiltecan, Comanche, Choctaw, Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Tonkawa, kap Wichita. Au-chiu-lâng lâi ê sî, chia-ê cho̍k-kûn kap gōa-lâng chia̍p-chhio̍k ê hêng-sek ē-sài kóng ū 2 tōa khoán, chi̍t khoán sī pang-chō͘ lâng ha̍p-si̍p chāi-tē seng-oa̍h ê ki-sut, chi̍t khoán sī kap lâng sio-thâi.
16 kàu 18 sè-kì
siu-kái1519 nî Se-pan-gâ thàm-hiám-ka Alonso Álvarez de Pineda ê Mexico Oan hái-hōaⁿ tē-tô͘ sī só͘-chai siāng chá iú-koan Texas ê le̍k-sú kì-lio̍k. Siāng-chá lâi kàu Texas ê Au-chiu-lâng sī Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, i tī 1528 nî pò-kò i-ê kiàn-bûn. Lēng-gōa Francisco Vázquez de Coronado mā kì-lio̍k tī 1541 nî tú tio̍h Querechos kap Teyas nn̄g khoán chhī-gû ê bîn-cho̍k.
1685 nî, goân-lâi be̍h tī Mississippi Hô khai-siat si̍t-bîn-tē ê René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle, in-ūi kè-sǹg sit-gō͘, soah tī Matagorda Oan siat Fort Saint Louis, chit-ê siâⁿ-chng siū hong-thó͘ éng-thióng kap goân-chū-bîn ê thó-ià, kòe 4 tang chio̍h sit-pāi.
Se-pan-gâ tī 1690 nî khai-sí hiòng Texas tang-pō͘ soan-kàu, m̄-koh siū chāi-tē goân-chū-bîn hoán-khòng, in-ê lâng āu-bóe tó-tńg Mexico. Āu-lâi, tī 1716 nî, tong Hoat-kok tī Louisiana hoat-tián ê sî, Se-pan-gâ ê soan-kàu oa̍h-tāng koh têng-sin hoat-khí. 1718 nî, Texas siāng chá ê Se-pan-gâ-lâng khui-khún-tē San Antonio siat-li̍p.
1749 nî, Se-pan-gâ kap Lipan Apache lâng chhiam liáu hô-pêng tiâu-iok, che ín-khí kî-tha chāi-tē pō͘-lo̍k pau-koat Comanche, Tonkawa kap Hasinai ê put-boán. Āu-bóe Comanche mā chhām Se-pan-gâ tī 1785 nî chhiam-iok, liáu-āu koh pang-chō͘ Se-pan-gâ phah iâⁿ Lipan Apache kap Karankawa.
Siū tio̍h lú chē ê soan-kàu éng-hióng, kàu 18 sè-kí bóe-kî tōa-hūn ê chāi-tē po͘-lo̍k lóng í-keng sìn-gióng Ki-tok-kàu.
19 sè-kí
siu-káiBí-kok tī 1803 nî hiòng Hoat-kok siu-bé Louisiana, liáu-āu in chú-tiuⁿ Texas mā sǹg chāi kau-e̍k lāi. 1819 nî, Sin Se-pan-gâ kap Bí-kok ê pian-kài khak-tēng siat ùi Sabine Hô. Chóng-sī chin chē Bí-kok khui-khún-chiá bô sêng-jīm chit hāng hia̍p-tēng, óa-ná kè-sio̍k hiòng Texas î-bîn. Kàu 1821 nî, Mexico to̍k-li̍p, kî-tiong Texas mā sī chi̍t hūn, siat ùi Coahuila y Tejas chiu ē-té.
Mexico hong-bīn mā khai-hòng hō͘ Bí-kok î-bîn hiòng Texas hoat-tián, in lī-ēng chi̍t khoán kiò empresario ê thâu-lâng, chio gōa-lâi î-bîn tī pún-tē khui-khún. Kî-tiong Empresario Moses kap Stephen F. Austin pē-á-kiáⁿ chhōa chi̍t tīn kiò "Lāu Saⁿ Pah" (Old Three Hundred) ê î-bîn tī Brazos Hô hū-kīn khiā-khí. Lēng-goā mā ū 23 ūi empresario tī chia. 1825 nî ê sî, Texas 3,500-ê î-bîn lāi tōa-hūn lóng sī Mexico-lâng, kàu 1834 nî, 37,800-ê î-bîn lāi lóng-chóng Mexico-lâng kaⁿ chiàm 7,800.
Î-bîn-chiá bô sìn-táu Mexico hoat-lu̍t, phì-jû tùi lô͘-lē chè-tō͘ ê kìm-lēng. Āu-lâi, Mexico chèng-hú tī 1830 nî kìm-chí Bí-kok î-bîn. 1832 nî Anahuac Jiáu-loān (Anahuac Disturbances) sī hit tong-sî lâng tùi Mexico thóng-tī ê hoán-khòng, mā kap Mexico chāi-tē hoán ka-tī chóng-thóng ê ūn-tōng liân-ha̍p, āu-bóe Mexico kun-tūi hong kóaⁿ chhut Texas tang-pō͘.
Texas-lâng tī 1832 kap 1833 nî nn̄g kái chi̍p-hōe, gián-kiù to̍k-li̍p chú-tiuⁿ. 1835 nî, Gonzales chi Chiàn (Battle of Gonzales) khai-sí liáu Texas Kek-bēng, in tī nn̄g kó goe̍h āu phah pāi Mexico kun-tūi. Lēng-gōa mā soán chhut Hia̍p-gī-hōe (Consultation) chò lîm-sî chèng-hú, m̄-koh chit-ê chèng-hú āu-lâi tó khì. Chāi Texas tng loān ê sî-ki, Mexico ap-chè liáu Texas ê hoán-khòng, kî-tiong Mexico chóng-thóng Antonio López de Santa Anna chhōa kun tī Alamo chi Chiàn (Battle of the Alamo) tiong phah pāi Texas kun.
1836 nî 3 goe̍h 2 hō ,Texas-lâng khui-hōe chhiam-sú To̍k-li̍p Soan-giân, kiàn-li̍p Texas Kiōng-hô-kok. Liáu-āu, keng-kòe kúi lé-pài ê thè-kun, Sam Houston niá-chhōa ê Texas kun-tūi tī San Jacinto chi Chiàn phah-iâⁿ Santa Anna ê jîn-bé, jī-chhiá lia̍h khí Santa Anna kiông-pek i chhiam Velasco TTiâu-iok lâi kiat-so̍k chiàn-cheng.
To̍k-li̍p ê Texas chèng-tī siōng hun chò tùi-li̍p ê nn̄g phài, chi̍t pêng sī Mirabeau B. Lamar chhōa-thâu, chú-tiuⁿ î-chhî to̍k-li̍p, kóaⁿ cháu goân-chū-bîn, jī-chhiá tùi gōa khok-chhiong léng-thó͘. Lēng-gōa chi̍t pêng sī Sam Houston chhoā-thâu, chú-tiuⁿ ka-ji̍p Bí-kok, jī-chhiá kap goân-chū-bîn chò-hóe seng-oa̍h.
Mexico tī 1842 nî hiòng Texas nn̄g piàn hoat-peng koh sêng-kong chiàm-niá San Antonio, m̄-koh bô î-chhî chiàn-kó. Chóng--sī Texas kiông-hô-kok hông-gū siōng chia̍h-la̍t ê chōng-hóng, ka-kiông in ka-ji̍p Bí-kok ê su-kiû.
1844 nî, chú-tiuⁿ khip-siu Texas ê James K. Polk tòng sóaⁿ Bí-kok chóng-thóng, 1845 nî 12 goe̍h 29, kok-hōe tông-ì siat Texas chò Bí-kok chi̍t chiu. Tông-sî, Mexico kap Bí-kok chhiat tn̄g gōa-kau koan-hē, nn̄g kok tùi Texas ê pian-kài chú-tiuⁿ chhiong-tu̍t.
1860 nî, Bí-kok Lōe-chiàn khai-sí, hit-tong-sî chiu lāi 30 pha ê jîn-kháu sī o͘-lâng, in tōa-hūn lóng sī lô͘-lē. 1861 nî 1 goe̍h 28, tī Austin ê hōe-gī, lâm-hong koat-tēng thoat-lî Bí-kok. 2 goe̍h 23 Texas ka-tī mā tâu-phiò thong-kòe chit hāng koat-tēng, 3 goe̍h sî ka-ji̍p America Liân-bêng Kok.
1900 nî, Texas tú tio̍h Bí-kok le̍k-sú siōng sí-bông siāng giâm-tiōng ê hong-thai Galveston.
20 sè-kí
siu-kái1901 nî 1 goe̍h 10 ji̍t, chiu lāi thâu chi̍t ê iû-chhéⁿ Spindletop khai-siat, liáu-āu, sī Texas chio̍h-iû sán-gia̍p ê heng-khí; in-ê khai-chhái liōng āu-bóe tī 1972 nî tat kàu le̍k-sú ko-tiám.
Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn sî-kî, liân-pang chèng-hú tī Texas tōa-liōng khai-siat kun-su siat-si, lēng-gōa pún chiu ū 75 bān lâng ka-ki̍p kun-tūi. 1961 nî, NASA koh tī kun-sū sán-gia̍p hoat-ta̍t ê Huston khí-chō chài-lâng thài-khong tiong-sim (1973 nî hō-miâ Lyndon B. Johnson Thài-khong Tiong-sim).
1963 nî 11 goe̍h 22 ji̍t, Bí-kok chóng-thóng John F. Kennedy tī Dallas hong àm-sat.
Jîn-kháu
siu-káiChiàu Bí-kok Phó͘-cha Kio̍k ê kou-sǹg, Texas 2014 nî chóng jîn-kháu ū 26,956,958 lâng.[7]
Keng-chè
siu-káiTexas tī 2014 nî ê GDP sī 1,648,036 pa̍h-bān bí-kim.[8]
Pún chiu ê chio̍h-iû sán-liōng tī 2015 nî 6 goe̍h ū 106,843 chheng-tháng (thousand barrels), tī Bí-kok kok-chiu lāi pâi-miâ tē-1.[9]
Texas ê chhân-hn̂g biān-chek, kap ka-thiok sán-chhut tī Bí-kok mā sī pâi thâu miâ. Chhī-gû sī chiu lāi siāng hoat-ta̍t ê lông-sán. Lông-chok-bu̍t hong-bīn, mî-hoe sán-liōng mā sī Bí-kok tē it. Kî-tha pì-jû hî-gia̍p, khòng-gia̍p, âng-bûn-thô͘, giâm-sán téng-téng, Texas mā sī choân-kok chhōa-thâu--ê.
21 sè-kì í-lâi, Texas keng-le̍k khiàm-chúi būn-tê, lông-gia̍p siū bōe chió sún-sit.
Chham-khó
siu-kái- ↑ Texas — Languages. MLA. April 15, 2010 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Facts (2008–2009 pán.). Texas Almanac. 2008. April 29, 2008 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Environment (2008–2009 pán.). Texas Almanac. 2008. goân-loē-iông tī March 17, 2008 hőng khó͘-pih. April 29, 2008 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Population Data for Texas Counties, 2015". Texas Department of State Health Services. goân-loē-iông tī 2015-11-10 hőng khó͘-pih. March 20, 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. goân-loē-iông tī 2011-10-15 hőng khó͘-pih. October 24, 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ↑ http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2014/tables/NST-EST2014-01.csv
- ↑ Total Gross Domestic Product by State for Texas, FRED.
- ↑ Rankings: Crude Oil Production, June 2015 (thousand barrels), U.S. Energy Information Administration.