Ìn-nî
| 這篇文章有漢字兮版本。 參考這篇文章兮漢字版本。 |
Ìn-nî (印尼), choân-chheng Ìn-tō͘-nî-se-a Kiōng-hô-kok (印度尼西亞共和國; Ìn-nî-gí: Republik Indonesia), sī tī Tang-lâm-a poàn-tó kap Ò-chiu ê tiong-kan só͘-chai, mā tī Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ tiong-kan ê kok-ka, sī sè-kài siōng toā ê kûn-tó. Tī Borneo-tó siōng, Ìn-nî kap Má-lâi-se-a ê piⁿ-kài sio-tú; New Guinea-tó ê sai-pêng iû Ìn-nî thóng-tī, tang-pêng sio̍k-î Papua New Guinea kok; Ìn-nî mā thóng-tī Timor-tó ê sai-pêng, tang-pêng sī Tang Timor kok.
Indonesia Kiōng-hô-kok Republik Indonesia | |
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 kok-kî
 kok-hui
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Chu-kù: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika "to-iūⁿ-sèng tiong ê thoân-kiat" | |
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Kok-koa: Indonesia Raya "Úi-tāi ê Ìn-nî" | |
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| Siú-to͘ kap siāng-tōa siâⁿ-chhī | Jakarta |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân | Ìn-nî-gí |
| Sêng-jīn ê kok-ka gí-giân | Ìn-nî-gí |
| Sêng-jīn ê tē-hng gí-giân | chhiau-kòe 700 chióng gí-giân[1] |
| Cho̍k-kûn | chhiau-kòe 1,300 ê cho̍k-kûn[2] |
| Chong-kàu (2022 nî)[3] |
|
| Chèng-hú | tan-it-chè, chóng-thóng-chè, kiōng-hô-kok |
• chóng-thóng | Prabowo Subianto |
• hù-chóng-thóng | Gibran Rakabuming Raka |
• Kok-bîn Gī-hoē gī-tiúⁿ | Puan Maharani |
• Choè-ko hoat-koaⁿ | Sunarto |
| Li̍p-hoat ki-kò͘ | Kok-bîn Hia̍p-gī-hoē |
• Siōng-īⁿ | Tē-hng Tāi-piáu Gī-hoē |
• Hā-īⁿ | Kok-bîn Gī-hoē |
| Bīn-chek | |
• Lóng-chóng | 1,904,569 km2 (735,358 sq mi)[4] (tē 14 miâ) |
• Chúi-he̍k (%) | 4.85 |
| Jîn-kháu | |
• Q2 2023 nî kó͘-kè | 279,118,866[5] (tē 4 miâ) |
• 2020 nî phó͘-cha | 270,203,917[6] |
• Bi̍t-tō͘ | 143/km2 (370.4/sq mi) (tē 90 miâ) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 nî kó͘-kè |
• Lóng-chóng |
 $4.721 bān-ek[7] (tē 7 miâ) |
• Pêng-kin |
$16,811[7] (tē 96 miâ) |
| GDP (bêng-gī) | 2024 nî kó͘-kè |
• Lóng-chóng |
$1.476 bān-ek[7] (tē 16 miâ) |
• Pêng-kin |
$5,271[7] (tē 114 miâ) |
| Gini (2019 nî) |
 38.2tiong |
| HDI (2021 nî) |
0.713[8] ko · tē 112 miâ |
| Hoè-pè | Ìn-nî rupiah (Rp) (IDR) |
| Sî-khu | UTC+7 ~ +9 (kúi-nā ê) |
| Sî-kan keh-sek | DD/MM/YYYY |
| Siong-iōng tiān-goân | 220 V–50 Hz |
| Khui-chhia hong-hiòng | chó |
| tiān-oē khu-hō | +62 |
| ISO 3166 tāi-hō | ID |
| Siōng-téng domain | .id |
Le̍k-sú
siu-káiChá-kî ê le̍k-sú
siu-káiJava Tó ū hoat-hiān Homo erectus ê hòa-chio̍h, kiò-chò “Java Lâng”; chiàu án-ne lâi thui-chhek, Ìn-nî kûn-tó tī 0.5 pah-bān nî (Ma) chì 200 Ma chêng tiō í-keng ū lâng leh tòa.[9][10] Homo sapiens tī tāi-iok tī 43,000 BCE lâi-kàu Ìn-nî.[11] Lâm-tó bîn-cho̍k sī hiān-tāi Ìn-nî-lâng ê chú-thé, in chha-put-to tī 2,000 BCE tùi Tâi-oân poaⁿ-sóa lâi-kàu Ìn-nî, pēng-chhiáⁿ ǹg tang sàn-pò͘, chū-án-ne kā chāi-lâi ê Melanesia lâng hān-chè tī siōng tang-pêng ê só͘-chai.[12]
Ìn-nî ū lí-sióng ê lông-gia̍p tiâu-kiāⁿ, chia ê lâng siōng chá tī se-gôan-chêng 8 sè-kí tiō chióng-ak chò-chhân ê ki-su̍t[13]; kàu se-gôan-chêng 1 sè-kí, mā hoat-tián chhut chng-thâu, ke-chhī, sió-hêng ê ông-kok. Ìn-nî ê tē-lí ūi-tì chin hó, sek-ha̍p hái-lō͘ ún-su kap bō͘-e̍k, tek-pia̍t sī tam-tong Ìn-tō͘ kap Tiong-kok ê bō͘-e̍k tiong-kan-chām.
Se-goân 7 sè-kí khai-sí, Srivijaya Ông-kok in-ūi bō͘-e̍k kap chong-kàu (Hu̍t-kàu, Ìn-tō͘-kàu) ê koan-hē, hoat-tián kah chin heng. Se-goân 8 sè-kí kàu 10 sè-kí, tī Java ê lāi-lio̍k tē-khu, lông-gia̍p li̍p-kok ê Sailendra Ông-kok kap Mataram Ông-kok heng-ong--khí-lâi, khí-chō chong-kàu kiàn-tiok, phì-lūn-kóng Sailendra ê Borobudur hām Mataram ê Prambanan. 13 sè-kí, Java tang-pō͘ kiàn-li̍p Ìn-tō͘-kàu ê Majapahit Tè-kok. Tī kok-ông Gajah Mada ê thóng-tì chi-hā, chit-ê kok-ka ê éng-hióng-la̍t kha̍p tio̍h hiān-sî Ìn-nî ê tōa-pō͘-hūn kok-thó͘. Chit tōaⁿ sî-kan it-poaⁿ hŏng kóng sī Ìn-nî le̍k-sú siōng ê “n̂g-kim sî-tāi.”[14]
Se-goân 13 sè-kí khai-sí, Sumatra pak-pō͘ chiām-chiām-á I-su-lân-hòa. Kàu 16 sè-kí ê sî, I-su-lân-kàu í-keng piàn-chó Java kap Sumatra ê chú-liû chong-kàu. I-su-lân-kàu lâi-kàu Ìn-nî liáu-āu, iông-ha̍p chāi-lâi ê bûn-hòa, sìn-gióng, chiâⁿ-chò Ìn-nî ê I-su-lân-kàu.
Si̍t-bîn sî-tāi
siu-kái1512 nî, thâu-chi̍t-pái ū Au-chiu-lâng lâi-kàu chit-ê kûn-tó. Francisco Serrão só͘ chhōa-thâu ê Phû-tô-gâ siong-jîn siūⁿ-beh ko͘-chiàm Maluku Kûn-tó ê tāu-khò͘, teng-hiuⁿ, bóe-hô͘-chio.[15] Hô-lan-lâng kap Eng-kok-lâng tòe in ê kin-thâu, iû-kî sī Hô-lân-lâng tī 1602 nî sêng-li̍p Hô-lân Tang Ìn-tō͘ Kong-si, chiâⁿ-chò āu-lâi ê 200 tang thóng-tì Ìn-nî ê chú-iàu sè-le̍k, in khòng-chè ê léng-tē hō-chò Hô-lân léng Tang Ìn-tō͘ (荷蘭領東印度). Hô-lân Tang Ìn-tō͘ Kong-si tī 1799 nî phòa-sán, liam-mi kái-sàn, si̍t-bîn-tē ōaⁿ-chò hō͘ Hô-lan chèng-hú ti̍t-chiap thóng-tì.
Si̍t-bîn sî-kî ê tōa-pō͘-hūn kî-kan, Hô-lan tùi Tang Ìn-tō͘ ê khòng-chè bô sáⁿ chāi. Hô-lan kun-tūi tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kap pún-thó͘ ê sè-le̍k iah-sī chèng-khoân sio-chiàn, mā put-sî teh tìn-ap Java tó lāi-gōa ê khí-gī. Phì-lūn-kóng 19 sè-kí Java tiong-pō͘ ê Diponegoro, Sumatra tiong-pō͘ ê Tuanku Imam Bonjol, Maluku ê Pattimura téng-téng, chia-ê lâng lóng bat khí-sū tùi-khòng Hô-lân-lâng.[16][17][18] 19 sè-kí āu-kì, hoat-seng Aceh Chiàn-cheng, Aceh Sultan-kok bia̍t-bông. It-ti̍t-kàu 20 sè-kí chho͘-kî, Hô-lan-lâng ê thóng-tì chiah khok-tiong kàu Ìn-nî chit-má ê kéng-kài.[18][19][20][21]
Tē-lí
siu-káiÌn-nî koán-hat iok-lio̍k 17,000 ê tó (kî-tiong 6-chheng ê ū toà lâng), lóng tī chhiah-tō hù-kīn, khì-hāu sī jia̍t-tāi-sèng--ê. Siōng toā ê tó-sū ū Java (1-poàⁿ ê jîn-kháu tiàm hia khiā-khí), Sumatra, Borneo, Papua, kap Sulawesi téng-téng.
Ìn-nî ê ūi-tī oá-kīn tāi-lio̍k tē-pang ê kîⁿ, só͘-í tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ siū tē-tāng, tsunami éng-hióng. Hoé-soaⁿ mā chē, siōng chhut-miâ--ê sī í-keng bô--khì ê Krakatau (Krakatoa) hoé-soaⁿ.
Siā-hoē
siu-káiÌn-nî ê jîn-kháu ē-sái tāi-iok-á pun 2 tīn lâng. Sai-pêng ê lâng-chéng chú-iàu sī Má-lâi-lâng, ah tang-pêng chú-iàu sī Papua-lâng. Cho̍k-kûn kiat-kò· pí-kàu khah ho̍k-cha̍p, pau-koat ū Borneo, Irian Jaya hit tah ê thoân-thóng pō·-lo̍k. Hoâ-jîn sī 1 ê toā chió-sò· bîn-cho̍k, ū 2~3 pah-bān chē. In tī keng-chè léng-he̍k te̍k-pia̍t oa̍h-thiàu.
Islam-kàu sī Ìn-nî chú-iàu ê chong-kàu, sìn-tô· tāi-iok ū 82% chē. Chhun ê sī Ki-tok-kàu (9%), Hu̍t-kàu (2%), Ìn-tō·-kàu. Choè-kīn kúi nî ū bē-chió chong-kàu chhiong-tu̍t hoat-seng.
Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân Ìn-nî-gí (Má-lâi-oē ê 1 chióng) chiâⁿ phó·-phiàn. Chóng--sī tē-hng gí-giân chiah sī pêng-siông-sî ê chú-iàu oē-gí.
Keng-chè
siu-kái
Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.
Chèng-tī
siu-káiÌn-nî siōng koân ê li̍p-hoat ki-kò· hō-chò Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), iā-chiū-sī Jîn-bîn Hia̍p-gī Hōe. Che sī 1 ê tan-īⁿ-chè ê gī-hoē, ē-kha siat Jîn-bîn Tāi-piáu Hoē (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat , DPR) kap Tē-hng Tāi-piáu Hoē (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD). 2004 nî ê soán-kí kiat-sok liáu-āu, àn-sǹg Jîn-bîn Hia̍p-gī Hōe ē chiâⁿ-chò siang-īⁿ-chè ê kok-hoē.
Chóng-thóng hoāⁿ hêng-chèng koân. Hiān-jīm ê chóng-thóng sī Megawati Sukarnoputri, i sī Sukarno ê cha-bó·-kiáⁿ.
Jîn-bîn Hia̍p-gī Hōe pún-té múi 5 tang soán chhut 1-ūi sin chóng-thóng kap hù-chóng-thóng. 2004 nî khai-sí thàu-koé kong-bîn tāi-soán lâi koat-tēng. Tē-1-pái ê tāi-soán tī 2004 nî 7-goe̍h kí-pān, soán chhut 2-cho· hiō-soán-jîn, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) kap Megawati Sukarnoputri. Tē-2 kai-toāⁿ ê tâu-phiò tī 9-goe̍h 20 oân-sêng, chèng-sek kiat-kó hián-sī Susilo the̍h-tio̍h 60.9% ê phiò, àn-sǹg ē sūn-lī tī 10 goe̍h 20 chiū-jīm.
Chham-khó chu-liāu
siu-káiÍn-iōng
siu-kái- ↑ Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition" (ēng Eng-gí). SIL International. goân-loē-iông tī 2023-03-09 hőng khó͘-pih. 2024-05-11 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Na'im, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry (2010). "Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians" (PDF) (ēng Ìn-nî-gí). BPS-Statistics Indonesia. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 2024-04-07 hőng khó͘-pih. 2015-09-23 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (ēng Ìn-nî-gí). Kementerian Agama. 2022-08-31. 2024-05-11 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "UN Statistics" (PDF). United Nations. 2005. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 2007-10-31 hőng khó͘-pih. 2024-05-11 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Data Kependudukan" (ēng Ìn-nî-gí). Kementerian Dalam Negeri (Ìn-nî Lāi-chèng-pō͘). goân-loē-iông tī 2023-10-28 hőng khó͘-pih. 2024-05-11 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (ēng Ìn-nî-gí). Statistics Indonesia. 2021-01-21. p. 9. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 2021-01-22 hőng khó͘-pih. 2021-01-21 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Indonesia)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 2024-04-16. 2024-04-16 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF) (ēng Eng-gí). United Nations Development Programme. 2024-03-13. p. 289. 2024-05-11 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Pope, G.G. (1983). "Evidence on the age of the Asian Hominidae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (16): 4988–4992. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.4988P. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988. PMC 384173
. PMID 6410399. Unknown parameter |doi-access=ignored (help) - ↑ de Vos, J.P.; Sondaar, P.Y. (1994). "Dating hominid sites in Indonesia". Science. 266 (16): 4988–4992. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1726D. doi:10.1126/science.7992059. Unknown parameter
|doi-access=ignored (help) - ↑ Gugliotta, Guy (July 2008). "The Great Human Migration". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Maganize. 2011-08-21 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Taylor 2003, pp. 5–7.
- ↑ Taylor 2003, pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Lewis, Peter (1982). "The next great empire". Futures. 14 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1016/0016-3287(82)90071-4.
- ↑ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 22–24.
- ↑ Schwarz 1994, pp. 3–4.
- ↑ Ricklefs 1991, p. 142.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Friend 2003, p. 21.
- ↑ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 61–147.
- ↑ Taylor 2003, pp. 209–278.
- ↑ Vickers 2005, pp. 10–14.
Chheh-toaⁿ
siu-kái- Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6. Unknown parameter
|url-access=ignored (help) - Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1991). A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (2nd pán.). Basingstoke; Stanford, CA: Palgrave; Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-333-57690-X.
- Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.
- Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09709-2.
- Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6. Unknown parameter
|url-access=ignored (help)