Chromium

Chromium, ₂₄Cr
	kiat-chiⁿ
Ki-pún sèng-chit
Miâ, hû-hō	chromium, Cr
Gōa-hêng	gîn-á khoán kim-sio̍k
Chromium tī chiu-kî-piáu lāi ê ūi-tì
	vanadium ← chromium → manganese
Goân-chú-hoan	24
Goân-chú-liōng (±)	51.9961(6)
Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t	kòe-tō͘ kim-sio̍k
Cho̍k, hun-khu	6 cho̍k, d khu
Chiu-kî	tē 4 chiu-kî
Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t	[Ar] 3d5 4s1
per shell	2, 8, 13, 1
Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit
Siòng	solid
Iûⁿ-tiám	2180 K (1907 °C, 3465 °F)
Hut-tiám	2944 K (2671 °C, 4840 °F)
Bi̍t-tō͘ (sek-un)	7.19 g·cm−3
	6.3 g·cm−3
Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t	21.0 kJ·mol−1
Cheng-hoat-jia̍t	347 kJ·mol−1
Jia̍t-iông-liōng	23.35 J·mol−1·K−1
Goân-chú sèng-chit
Sng-hòa-sò͘	6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide)
Tiān-hū-tō͘	Pauling scale: 1.66
Tiān-lī-lêng	1st: 652.9 kJ·mol−1 ; 2nd: 1590.6 kJ·mol−1 ; 3rd: 2987 kJ·mol−1 ; (more)
Goân-chú pòaⁿ-kèng	empirical: 128 pm
Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng	139±5 pm
Cha̍p-lio̍k
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	body-centered cubic (bcc)
Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á)	5940 m·s−1 (at 20 °C)
Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng	4.9 µm·m−1·K−1 (at 25 °C)
Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t	93.9 W·m−1·K−1
Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t	125 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Chû-sèng	antiferromagnetic (rather: SDW)
Young hē-sò͘	279 GPa
Shear hē-sò͘	115 GPa
Bulk hē-sò͘	160 GPa
Poisson pí	0.21
Vickers ngē-tō͘	1060 MPa
Brinell ngē-tō͘	687–6500 MPa
CAS teng-kì pian-hō	7440-47-3
Le̍k-sú
Hoat-hiān kap siōng chá ê tông-ūi-sò͘	Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1797, 1798)
Chòe ún-tēng ê tông-ūi-sò͘
	Chú bûn-chiong: chromium ê tông-ūi-sò͘
	Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed

Chromium, ū lâng kóng khu-ló͘-mih^[3], sī 1 ê hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘. I ê goân-chú-hoan sī 24, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō sī Cr^[4].

Hō-miâ

Pún goân-sò͘ ê miâ sī hō tùi Hi-lia̍p-gí ê chroma, ì-sū sī sek-chhái^[5].

Sèng-chit kap lī-ēng

Chromium ê sek-tī sī ná kǹg-thih mô͘-iūⁿ ê phú-sek, i-ê sûn-chit chin chhè, ka-taⁿ ē-tàng ēng-lâi tō͘-kim. Nā tī ha̍p-kim siōng ê lī-ēng, Chromium ē-tàng èng-iōng ùi chè-thih sán-gia̍p, lām 0.5 kàu 3% ê Chromium, ē-tàng seng-sán kiông-tō͘ koân ê kǹg-thin. Chromium chò chú-iàu ê èng-iōng sī tī su-tén-lé-suh (stainless steel) ê seng-sán, lāi-té lām tai-khài 10.5 kàu 30% ê Chromium^[4].

Le̍k-sú

Chromium siāng chá sī 1797 nî Nicolas-Louis Vaquelin chhōe tio̍h; 1895 nî ê sî, Hans Goldschmidt hun-lî chhut i-ê sûn-chit. Tī 19 sè-kí chá-kî, Hoat-kok kap Bí-kok chio̍h ū chhut-sán chit khoán kim-sio̍k, hit tong-sî Pennsylvania kap Maryland ê sán-chhut ē-tàng kong-èng thong sè-kài su-kiû^[4].

Chham-khó

↑ Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
↑ Fawcett, Eric (1988). "Spin-density-wave antiferromagnetism in chromium". Reviews of Modern Physics. 60: 209. Bibcode:1988RvMP...60..209F. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.60.209.
↑ "Chúi mā bōe-sái lim ah". Ai Tai-bun News. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. 2016-04-02 khòaⁿ--ê. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Harold M. Cobb, pian. (2012). "chromium". Dictionary of Metals. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-978-4.
↑ K. J. Thurlow, pian. (1998). Chemical Nomenclature. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-011-4958-7.

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd pán.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. (Eng-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t

Nicolas-Louis Vaquelin
Hans Goldschmidt

Guā-pōo liân-kiat

Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: Chromium

ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Chromium Toxicity Archived 2019-11-16 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
IARC Monograph "Chromium and Chromium compounds"
It's Elemental – The Element Chromium
The Merck Manual – Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Chromium Page
Chromium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
"Chromium". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11 pán.). 1911. pp. 296–298.

Pún bûn-chiuⁿ sī chi̍t phiⁿ phí-á-kiáⁿ. Lí thang tàu khok-chhiong lâi pang-chō͘ Wikipedia.

[IUPAC-1] Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights

[fawcett-2] Fawcett, Eric (1988). "Spin-density-wave antiferromagnetism in chromium". Reviews of Modern Physics. 60: 209. Bibcode:1988RvMP...60..209F. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.60.209.

[3] "Chúi mā bōe-sái lim ah". Ai Tai-bun News. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. 2016-04-02 khòaⁿ--ê. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)

[asm2012-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Harold M. Cobb, pian. (2012). "chromium". Dictionary of Metals. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-978-4.

[5] K. J. Thurlow, pian. (1998). Chemical Nomenclature. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-011-4958-7.

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